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Appendix 3: Electricity generation
Each of these appendices sets out the underlying information for each sector. The format includes:
- A list of existing policy measures already in use.
- Data on the proposed measures - with abatement and cost data for 2030 and 2050.
- The potential abatement is expressed as a % of the sector baseline emissions in that year.
- A range of uncertainty for the abatement potential and costs is included under the +/- columns.
Existing measures
Ref | Option |
|---|
E8 | Scottish renewable electricity targets |
E9 | Renewables obligation (Scotland) |
E10 | Biomass Action Plan for Scotland (Scottish Executive 2007) |
E11 | Renewable Heat Strategy (proposed) |
E12 | Energy Efficiency and Microgeneration: A Strategy for Scotland (draft) |
E13 | European Marine Energy Centre ( EMEC) |
E14 | Wave and Tidal Energy Support ( WATES) scheme |
E15 | Scottish Community and Householder Renewables Initiative ( SCHRI) |
E16 | Scottish Planning Policy ( SPP) 6 |
E17 | EU Emissions Trading Scheme |
E18 | UKCCS demonstration programme |
E19 | Amendment to the Renewables Obligation |
Future options
A series of tables are presented for future options:
1. Definition of option, state of deployment
2. Data for 2030
3. Data for 2050
4. Factors influencing deployment, potential, etc.
Ref | Option | Technical measure | State of deployment |
|---|
E1 | Encourage take up of CCS for existing coal / gas generation plant | Retrofit CCS to existing coal and gas plant | Future new policy |
E2 | Require enhanced efficiency of new stations through Section 36 Consents | | Future new policy |
E3 | Permit new build nuclear | Assumes replace gas generation | Future new policy |
E4 | Increase target under the Renewables Obligation (Scotland) ( ROS) | 10% increase in generation from renewables above baseline | Development of existing policy |
E5 | Significant support for emerging renewables | Renewable generation only | Future new policy - revolutionary option |
E6 | Introduction of fusion technology | Fusion replacing conventional generation | Future new policy - revolutionary option |
E7 | Increase in renewable microgeneration | Replacing gas / coal generation | Development of existing policy |
Ref | Option | Core data - 2030 |
|---|
Potential | +/- | Key assumptions | Sub-sector | £/t CO 2eq | +/- | Source / Key assumptions |
|---|
E1 | Encourage take up of CCS for existing coal / gas generation plant | 0% | | Policy assumed to be in place in 2035 - and that fossil plant built in 2025 / 2030 are capture ready | NA | | | |
E2 | Require enhanced efficiency of new stations through Section 36 Consents | 5% | 30% | Assumes that 5% can be made relative to BAU plant build | Impact on all measures in terms of total abatement - as changes the baseline | 0 | | Assumption that near zero cost - as only changing planning policy |
E3 | Permit new build nuclear | 47% | 0% | Assumes new nuclear built instead of coal plant in 2025. Gas retained to provide flexible back-up generation | Impact on E1, reducing savings | 0.3 | 80% | EWP 07 MACC |
E4 | Increase target under the Renewables Obligation (Scotland) ( ROS) | 3% | 30% | Gas plant operates at lower load; hence reduction in emissions. Additional generation exported | | 0 | 30% | EWP 07 MACC (weighted across onshore wind (80%), offshore wind (15%) & wave (5%) |
E5 | Significant support for emerging renewables | 100% | 0% | Grid upgrade enables load balancing from rest of GB; removal of environmental / supply chain constraints | Cannot be implemented on top of any fossil generation based measures | 0 | 40% | EWP 07 MACC (weighted across onshore wind (55%), offshore wind (30%) and wave (15%) |
E6 | Introduction of fusion technology | 0% | | Earliest technology introduced is 2045 | NA | | | |
E7 | Increase in renewable microgeneration | 5% | 20% | | | £404 | 40% | EWP 07 MACC |
Ref | Option | Core data - 2050 |
|---|
Potential | +/- | Key assumptions | Sub-sector | £/t CO 2eq | +/- | Source / Key assumptions |
|---|
E1 | Encourage take up of CCS for existing coal / gas generation plant | 90% | 15% | Fossil plant built in 2025 / 2030 are capture ready | Total abatement potential affected by measure E2 | 16 | 50% | EWP 07 estimate is £60/ TC |
E2 | Require enhanced efficiency of new stations through Section 36 Consents | 5% | 30% | Assumes that 5% can be made relative to BAU plant build | Impact on all measures in terms of total abatement - as changes the baseline | 0 | | Assumption that near zero cost - as only changing planning policy |
E3 | Permit new build nuclear | 47% | 0% | Assumes new nuclear built instead of coal plant in 2025. Gas retained to provide flexible back-up generation | Impact on E1, reducing savings | 0.3 | 80% | EWP 07 MACC |
E4 | Increase target under the Renewables Obligation (Scotland) ( ROS) | 3% | 30% | Gas plant operates at lower load; hence reduction in emissions. Additional generation exported | | 64 | 30% | EWP 07 MACC (weighted across onshore wind (80%), offshore wind (15%) and wave (5%) |
E5 | Significant support for emerging renewables | 100% | 0% | Grid upgrade enables load balancing from rest of GB; removal of environmental / supply chain constraints | Cannot be implemented on top of any fossil generation measures | 84 | 40% | EWP 07 MACC (weighted across onshore wind (55%), offshore wind (30%) and wave (15%) |
E6 | Introduction of fusion technology | 100% | 0% | Plant introduced in 2045; fossil gen. retired early | | Very high | Very high | |
E7 | Increase in renewable microgeneration | 10% | 20% | | | £404 | 40% | EWP 07 MACC |
Ref | Option | Influencing factors |
|---|
State of technology | Significant other impact | Type | Other issues |
|---|
E1 | Encourage take up of CCS for existing coal / gas generation plant | Pilot plant (currently as an integrated technology) | Limited concerns over public acceptability of 'burying CO 2 ' | Regulatory / planning | |
E2 | Require enhanced efficiency of new stations through Section 36 Consents | | | Regulatory / Electricity Act | |
E3 | Permit new build nuclear | Newly deployed | Huge public acceptability concerns | Regulatory / planning | |
E4 | Increase target under the Renewables Obligation (Scotland) ( ROS) | Mature, near market and pilot (depending on technology) | As below - except to a much lesser extent | Regulatory / planning | |
E5 | Significant support for emerging renewables | Mature, near market and pilot (depending on technology) | Large public acceptability concerns over project planning / infrastructure. Concerns on energy security. Employment gains in sector | Regulatory / planning plus grants / subsidies for emerging technologies | No account of costs of removing barriers to mass expansion e.g. grid upgrade |
E6 | Introduction of fusion technology | Early research / demonstration | Some public concern over cost / technology being in 'nuclear family' | Regulatory / Electricity Act | |
E7 | Increase in renewable microgeneration | Newly deployed / near market | | Information / research / planning | |
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