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Footnotes
1. Or country-specific guidance - Pandemic Flu: A Scottish Framework for responding to an influenza pandemic.
2. On the state of public health: the annual report of the Chief Medical Officer of the Department of Health and Social Security for the year 1957. London: HMSO, 1958.
3. On the state of public health: the annual report of the Chief Medical Officer of the Department of Health and Social Security for the year 1969. London: HMSO, 1970.
4. Office for National Statistics, 2007, available at www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=949t
5. Average daily number of available and occupied beds by sector, England, 2005-06. Department of Health form KH03, 22 September 2006.
6. Ibid.
7. Menon DK, Taylor BL, Ridley SA. 'Modelling the impact of an influenza pandemic on critical care services in England', Anaesthesia, 2005, 60: 952-4.
8. Emergency response and recovery: Non-statutory guidance to complement emergency preparedness. London: HM Government, 2005.
9. Pandemic flu: A national framework for responding to an influenza pandemic. London: Department of Health, 2007.
10. NHS Emergency Planning Guidance 2005: Critical Care Contingency Planning in the event of an emergency where the numbers of patients substantially exceeds normal critical care capacity. London: Department of Health, 2006.
11. Pandemic influenza: Guidance for primary care trusts and primary care professionals on the provision of healthcare in a community setting in England. London: Department of Health, 2007.
12. Pandemic Influenza The UK Blood Services Plan. UK Blood Services, 2006. www.blood.co.uk/hospitals/library/pdf/MPD_PTI_DI_010_01.pdf
13. Emergency planning: Development of an integrated plan for the management of blood shortages ( NHS Gateway reference 3344). www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/08/59/91/04085991.pdf
14. Pandemic influenza: human resources guidance for the NHS. London: Department of Health, 2008. www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_080742
15. Pandemic Flu: Scottish guidance on human resources. www.scotland.gov.uk/pandemicflu
16. Pandemic influenza: human resources guidance for the NHS. London: DH, 2008. www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_080742
17. Pandemic Flu: Scottish guidance on human resources. www.scotland.gov.uk/pandemicflu
18. Strategic Health Authorities in England, Local Health Boards in Wales, Health Boards in Scotland, and Health and Social Services Boards in Northern Ireland.
19. Pandemic Flu: A national framework for responding to an influenza pandemic. London: DH, 2007.
* Website details will be provided when active
20. Pandemic influenza: human resources guidance for the NHS. London: DH, 2008. www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_080742
21. Pandemic Influenza - The UK Blood Services Plan. UK Blood Services, 2006. www.blood.co.uk/hospitals/library/pdf/MPD_PTI_DI_010_01.pdf
22. Emergency planning: Development of an integrated plan for the management of blood shortages ( NHS Gateway reference 3344). 2004. www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/08/59/91/04085991.pdf
23. An integrated plan for the National Blood Service and hospitals to address platelet shortages ( NHS Gateway reference 6514). 2006. www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/13/91/57/04139157.pdf
24. Refer to www.dh.gov.uk/en/PublicHealth/Flu/PandemicFlu/index.htm for the latest information on pandemic influenza alert levels
25. Manchester Bed Study, 1988; GMSHAUM programme, 2002-06, North West UM programme, 2006
26. Care and resource utilisation: ensuring appropriateness of care. London: DH, 2006. www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_063265
27. Smith HE, Pryce A, Carlisle L, et al. 'Appropriateness of acute medical admissions and length of stay'. J R Coll Physicians, Lond, 1997, 31(5): 527-32.
28. Donald IP, Jay T, Linsell J and Foy C. 'Defining the appropriate use of community hospital beds'. Br J Gen Pract, 2001, 51(463): 95-100.
29. MacFaul R, Glass EJ and Jones S. 'Appropriateness of paediatric admission', Arch Dis Child, 1994, 71(1): 50-8.
30. Werneke U and MacFaul R. 'Evaluation of appropriateness of paediatric admission', Arch Dis Child, 1996, 74(3): 268-73.
31. Christian MD, Hawryluck L, Wax RS et al. 'Development of a triage protocol for critical care during an influenza pandemic', CMAJ, 2006, 175(11): 1377-81.
32. National Framework Decision Support Tools. www.dh.gov.uk/en/SocialCare/Deliveringadultsocialcare/Continuingcare/DH_073912
33. Sienkiewicz J, Wilkinson G, Cubbage B. 'A patient classification system for emergency events in home care', Home Healthcare Nurse, 2007, 25(6): 378-85.
34. CG50 'Recognition of and response to acute illness in adults in hospital', NICE guidance, 25 July 2007.
35. Challen K, Bright J, Bentley A and Walter D. 'Physiological-social score ( PMEWS) vs. CURB-65 to triage pandemic influenza: a comparative validation study using community-acquired pneumonia as a proxy'. BMC Health Serv Res. 2007, 7: 33.
36. Clinical guidelines for patients with an influenza like illness during an influenza pandemic. London: DH/British Thoracic Society/British Infection Society/Health Protection Agency, 2006. www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4121753
37. Christian MD, Hawryluck L, Wax RS et al. 'Development of a triage protocol for critical care during an influenza pandemic', CMAJ 2006, 175(11): 1377-81.
38. Ardagh M. 'Criteria for prioritising access to healthcare resources in New Zealand during an influenza pandemic or at other times of overwhelming demand'. N Z Med J 2006, 119(1243): U2256.
* Copyright © 2006 With permission from the New Zealand Medical Journal
39. Clinical guidelines for patients with an influenza like illness during an influenza pandemic. London: DH/British Thoracic Society/British Infection Society/Health Protection Agency, 2006. www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4121753
40. Kelen GD, Kraus CK, McCarthy ML, et al. 'Inpatient disposition classification for the creation of hospital surge capacity: a multiphase study', Lancet 2006, 368(9551): 1984-90.
41. Kraus CK, Levy F and Kelen GD. 'Lifeboat ethics: considerations in the discharge of inpatients for the creation of hospital surge capacity'. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2007, 1(1): 51-6.
42. Forster AJ, Clark HD, Menard A et al. 'Adverse events among medical patients after discharge from hospital'. CMAJ 2004, 170(3): 345-9. Erratum in: CMAJ 2004 Mar 2, 170(5): 771.
43. Kelen GD, Kraus CK, McCarthy ML et al. 'Inpatient disposition classification for the creation of hospital surge capacity: a multiphase study', Lancet 2006, 368(9551): 1984-90.
44. Responding to pandemic influenza: The ethical framework for policy and planning. London: DH, 2007. www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_080751
45. NHS Emergency Planning Guidance 2005: underpinning materials - critical care contingency planning in the event of an emergency where the numbers of patients substantially exceeds normal critical care capacity. London: DH, 2007. www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_081282
46. Ibid.
47. Taylor B, Kemp V, Goldhill D and Waldmann C on behalf of the Intensive Care Society and the Division of Emergency Preparedness. 'Critical care contingency planning: phased responses and triaging framework'. J Intensive Care Society 2008, 9(1): 16-19. http://journal.ics.ac.uk/pdf/0901016.pdf
48. Pandemic flu: A national framework for responding to an influenza pandemic. London, DH, 2007. www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_080734
49. Responding to pandemic influenza: The ethical framework for policy and planning. London: DH, 2007. www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_080751
50. Hick JL, Daniel MD and O'Laughlin MD. 'Concept of operations for triage of mechanical ventilation in an epidemic', Acad Emerg Med 2006, 13: 223-9.
51. Christian MD, Hawryluck L, Wax RS et al. 'Development of a triage protocol for critical care during an influenza pandemic', CMAJ 2006, 175(11): 1377-81.
52. Ibid.
* Copyright © 2006 Canadian Medical Association Adapted from, CMAJ 21 November 2006; 175(11), Page(s) 1377-1381 by permission of the publisher. http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/reprint/175/11/1377
53. Ross CAC and Martin K. 'Severity of influenza (1969-70)'. General Practice and Hospital Health Bulletin 1971, 29(3): 165-6.
54. Clinical guidelines for patients with an influenza-like illness during an influenza pandemic. London: DH, British Thoracis Society, British Infection Society, HPA, 2006.
55. Ibid.
56. Confalonieri M, Potena A, Carbone G et al. 'Acute respiratory failure in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia. A prospective randomized evaluation of noninvasive ventilation'. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999, 160: 1585-91.
57. Levy M, Tanios MA, Nelson D et al. 'Outcomes of patients with do-not intubate orders treated with noninvasive ventilation'. Crit Care Med 2004, 32: 2002-7.
58. Simonds AK. 'Continuous positive airway pressure and non-invasive ventilation in acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure'. In: Simonds AK, (ed). Non-invasive respiratory support: A practical handbook. 3rd edition. PP. 57-71. London: Hodder Arnold, 2007.
59. Pandemic influenza: Guidance for infection control in critical care. London: DH, 2008. www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_084178
60. Curtis JR, Cook DJ, Sinuff T et al. 'Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in critical and palliative care settings: understanding the goals of therapy'. Crit Care Med 2007, 35: 932-9.
61. Pandemic influenza: Guidance for primary care trusts and primary care professionals on the provision of healthcare in a community setting in England. London: DH, 2007. www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_080757
62. Counter Fraud and Security Management Services, www.cfsms.nhs.uk
63. Responding to pandemic influenza: The ethical framework for policy and planning. London: DH, 2007. www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_080751
64. Manchester Bed Study, 1988; GMSHA UM programme, 2002-06, North West UM programme, 2006 Care and resources utilisation: ensuring appropriateness of care, DH, 2006 (Appendix 1)
* With permission, Professor Restuccia
65. Donald IP, Jay T, Linsell J and Foy C. 'Defining the appropriate use of community hospital beds', Br J Gen Pract, 2001, 51(463): 95-100.
# Copyright © 2001, with permission from the British Journal of General Practice
66. Sienkiewicz J, Wilkinson G and Cubbage B. 'A patient classification system for emergency events in home care', Home Healthc Nurse, 2007, 25(6): 378-85.
67. Pandemic flu: Clinical guidelines for patients with an influenza-like illness during an influenza pandemic', Thorax, 2007, 62 (suppl. 1): i 1-46.
68. Challen K, Bright J, Bentley A et al. 'Physiological-social score (PMEWS) vs. CURB-65 to triage pandemic influenza: A comparative validation study using community-acquired pneumonia as a proxy', BMC Health Services Research, 2007, 7: 33.
69. Clinical guidelines for patients with an influenza like illness during an influenza pandemic. London: DH, 2006. www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4121753.
70. Kelen GD, Kraus CK, McCarthy ML et al. 'Inpatient disposition classification for the creation of hospital surge capacity: a multiphase study', Lancet, 2006, 368(9551): 1984-90.
* Copyright © 2006, reprinted from The Lancet with permission from Elsevier
71. Taylor B, Kemp V, Goldhill D, Waldmann C on behalf of the Intensive Care Society and the Division of Emergency Preparedness. 'Critical care contingency planning: phased responses and triaging framework', J.Intensive Care Society, 2008, 9(1): 16-19.
* Copyright © 2008, with permission from the Journal of the Intensive Care Society
72. Christian MD et al. 'Development of a triage protocol for critical care during an influenza pandemic', CMAJ, 2006, 175(11): 1377-81.
* Copyright © 2006, American Medical Association. All rights reserved
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