The Scottish Government

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ISBN 978 0 7559 1771 6 (Web only publication)
This document is also available in pdf format (1.6mb)

Contents

Executive Summary

Acknowledgements

List of Terms and Abbreviations

1 Introduction
1.1 Brief History of RFID
1.2 What is RFID?
1.3 How does it work - a basic guide
1.3.1 Passive
1.3.2 Semi Passive
1.3.3 Active
1.4 Passive (inductive) tag operation
1.5 Processing of data

2 Compliance of RFID Tag Reader Systems
2.1 CE Marking
2.2 Electromagnetic Compatibility ( EMC)
2.3 Standards
2.4 Standard Test Requirements
2.4.1 Control of the RF Spectrum
2.4.2 ETSI Standards

3 Testing
3.1 EMI Levels
3.2 Site Testing
3.2.1 Aberdeen and Northern Marts ( ANM), Inverurie, Aberdeenshire
3.2.2 Summary
3.2.3 United Auctions, Kildean, Stirling
3.2.4 Summary
3.2.5 Scotbeef (Abattoir), Bridge of Allan
3.2.6 Summary
3.3 Laboratory Testing
3.3.1 Standard Tests
3.4 EMC Immunity Tests
3.4.1 EN61000-4-2 - Electrostatic Discharge
3.4.1.1 Test description
3.4.1.2 Test results summary
3.4.2 EN61000-4-3 - Radiated RF Immunity
3.4.2.1 Test description
3.4.2.2 Test results summary
3.4.3 EN61000-4-4 - Electrical Fast Transients/Bursts
3.4.3.1 Test description
3.4.3.2 Test results summary
3.4.4 EN61000-4-5 - Surge Transients
3.4.4.1 Test description
3.4.4.2 Test results summary
3.4.5 EN61000-4-6 - Conducted RF Immunity
3.4.5.1 Test description
3.4.5.2 Test results summary
3.4.6 EN61000-4-11 - Voltage Dips and Interrupts
3.4.6.1 Test description
3.4.6.2 Test results summary
3.4.7 Gap Analysis

4 Summary of the study and recommendations

Appendices and References

Appendix A - Site Test Report, ANM, Inverurie

Appendix B - Site Test Report, United Auctions, Stirling

Appendix C - Site Test Report, Scotbeef, Bridge of Allan

Appendix D - Laboratory Test Report, EMC Test Centre

Appendix E - Guidelines for Build and Installation
1 Introduction
2 Incorporation of EMC measures
2.1 Segregation, filtering and shielding
2.2 Other considerations
2.3 Checklist

References

List of Tables
Table 1 RFID Frequency ranges
Table 2 EN 301 489-1 test requirements - Emissions
Table 3 EN 301 489-1 test requirements - Immunity
Table 4 Summary of ANM Site 1 EMI levels
Table 5 Summary of ANM Site 2 EMI levels
Table 6 Summary of ANM Site 3 EMI levels
Table 7 Summary of Site 4 EMI levels
Table 8 Summary of EMI levels
Table 9 Summary of Scotbeef Site 1 EMI levels
Table 10 Summary of Scotbeef Site 2 EMI levels

Table 11 Continuous and transient disturbances
Table 12 Likelihood of phenomena occurring
Table 13 Gap Analysis

List of Figures
Figure 1 Reader interrogating tag
Figure 2 Flat RFID tag showing antenna coil (Generic type)
Figure 3 Round ear tag typical of livestock applications
Figure 4 Bolus tag for livestock applications
Figure 5 Implantable transponder (Generic Type)
Figure 6 Induced power in an RFID tag
Figure 7 Amplitude and Pulse modulation
Figure 8 Electrical Fast Transient/Bursts
Figure 9 Surge transients, positions on AC power waveform
Figure 10 Coupling between cables in proximity

Figure 11 Voltage dips
Figure 12 Voltage interruptions
Figure 13 Appendix E: Filter and cable routing
Figure 14 Appendix E: Use of ferrite chokes on cables
Figure 15 Appendix E: Example of a double row of spring fingers
Figure 16 Appendix E: Examples of fingerstock (Chomerics)
Figure 17 Appendix E: Example of knitted wire over foam core gasket (Feuerherdt GmbH)
Figure 18 Appendix E: Examples of 360° Terminations

Contract FF/05/19
Final Report for Scottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department

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