The Scottish Government

The context variables are those that represent important aspects of the state of the system but where attribution of cause and effect will be difficult but which it might be hoped that land reform would contribute positively to

Population change.

Demographic profile ( e.g. age, gender, health).

Population census and SNS for regional background, but N/A at local level.

Draw down from existing data, plus survey of communities for local detail.

At Scotland rural, regional and specific community level.

Indicates demographic vitality.

Economic wellbeing.

Economic activity rates; GDP/capita; Business start-ups and profitability.

Government statistics for regional background, but N/A at local level.

Draw down from existing data, plus survey of communities for local detail.

At Scotland rural, regional and specific community level.

Economic context.

(A) Social
Social criteria should relate back to social capital. Social capital refers to networks and/or trust and new institutional formation and inter alia, we might wish to think about bridging and bonding capital

Extent of active local input to acquiring ownership or achieving partnership arrangements.

Participation in CRtB (or non- CRtB) bid.

Some information on Registers of Scotland website, otherwise N/A or anecdotal.

Check records, but probably survey of active community size.

Community level, periodic.

Indicates extent of local participation in start-up process.

Extent of active local input to asset management.

Participation in on-going community management.

N/A, anecdotal.

Survey of community meetings and sharing of responsibilities.

Community level, periodic.

Indicates the extent of participation and networking in on-going community processes.

Availability of community information.

Existence of and frequency of updating of community websites, leaflets, meetings etc.

N/A, anecdotal.

Survey of community information provision and sharing.

Community level, periodic.

Indicates openness of community processes.

Level of antisocial behaviour.

Level of antisocial behaviour.

Possibly local crime statistics, otherwise N/A, anecdotal.

Check records, but probably survey of community perceptions.

Community level, periodic.

Indicates community harmony.

Extent of community-based education of local children and other residents.

Educational activities ( e.g. school visits, open days etc.).

N/A, anecdotal.

Survey of community activities.

Community, periodic.

Indicates extent of inter-generational communication and inclusion.

(B) Economic (financial)
Economic capital refers to the financial resources of the community. This might be explored in relation to the community as a whole, the land based community and at household or collective level. We might want to think about non-market but still economic values here

External funding.

Grants obtained.

Funding from public and charitable sources.

Check records, survey of communities and/or possible funding sources.

Community level, periodic.

Indicates success in obtaining external grants.

External funding.

Borrowing achieved, possibly against community assets.

Equity and/or debt funding from private sources.

Survey of communities.

Community level, periodic.

Indicates success in leveraging funding.

Income generated.

Income generated via community activities, including new businesses.

N/A, anecdotal.

Survey of local businesses and community facilities.

Community level, periodic.

Indicates level of internal funding sources (relative to external ones).

Employment.

Jobs safeguarded or created.

N/A, anecdotal.

Survey of local businesses and community facilities.

Community level, periodic.

Indicates level of community-related employment (or reliance on volunteers).

Assets owned.

Community assets.

N/A, anecdotal.

Survey of local businesses and community facilities.

Community level, periodic.

Indicates market value of assets held, including land, standing timber, buildings etc. (see also non-market values).

(C) Human
Human capital refers to the individual capacities and often is associated with education and training.

Skill base in asset ownership and management.

% of community managers with relevant training/experience.

N/A, anecdotal.

Survey of community managers.

Community level, periodic.

Indicates (weakly) internal competence of community management.

Skill base in community politics and internal conflict resolution.

% of community managers with relevant training/experience.

N/A, anecdotal.

Survey of community managers.

Community level, periodic.

Indicates (weakly) internal competence of community management.

Confidence in one-to-one negotiation with government agencies, NGOs, private landlords etc.

Perceived balance of power/competence in dealing with third parties.

N/A, anecdotal.

Survey of community managers.

Community level, periodic.

Indicates community confidence/trust in approaching third parties.

Positive interactions with government agencies, NGOs, private landlords etc.

% positive interactions as % of total.

N/A, anecdotal.

Survey of community managers, NGOs, private landlords etc.

Community level, periodic.

Indicates nature of relationship between communities and landlords, regulators, funding bodies etc.

Extent of community-based education of local residents and visitors.

Educational activities ( e.g. school visits, open days etc.).

N/A, anecdotal.

Survey of community activities.

Community level, periodic.

Indicates inter-generational communication and inclusion.

(D) Environmental
Environmental capital is the natural capital embodied in forests, soils, land etc. it will include non-market goods such as biodiversity as well as forms of natural capital which allow profitable resource management. (We need to avoid double counting with Economic capital)

Land area under community management.

Land area under community management.

CRtB data on Registers of Scotland website, non- CRtB N/A.

Check records for CRtB, survey of non- CRtB and non-ownership community arrangements.

Community level, periodic.

Indicates physical extent of potential community influence.

Condition of land under community management.

Condition of land under community management.

N/A, anecdotal.

Survey of communities, possibly check SNH records for overlaps with designations.

Community level, periodic.

Indicates environmental condition of community land.

Environmental significance of land under community management.

Non-market value of designated area.

Needs baseline and continual survey. Neither currently available.

Survey (of rather sophisticated nature).

Aggregate and by site type.

Indicates non-market values attached to environmental assets.

( E) Physical
Physical capital refers the man-made physical infrastructure

New or renovated housing.

Change in number of renovated homes

Possibly planning records, but probably N/A, anecdotal.

Survey of community infrastructure.

Community level, periodic.

Indicates improvements to housing stock.

New or renovated business or community premises.

Change in the number of renovated premises.

Possibly planning records, but probably N/A, anecdotal.

Survey of community infrastructure.

Community level, periodic.

Indicates improvements to stock of other buildings.

New or improved communication links & utilities.

Change in the number

Possibly planning records, but probably N/A, anecdotal.

Survey of community infrastructure.

Community level, periodic.

Indicates improvements communications links ( e.g. roads, broadband).

New or improved community assets ( e.g. renewable energy installations).

Change in the number

Possibly planning records, but probably N/A, anecdotal.

Survey of community infrastructure.

Community level, periodic.

Indicates improvements to other infrastructure elements.

(F) Cultural (symbolic )

Perceived value of community ownership as an end in itself.

Non-market values of achieving ownership/control.

N/A, anecdotal.

Survey of communities but also wider population.

Community level but also regional and national level, periodic.

Offers insights into importance attached to promoting localism and self-determination.

Community pride and self-esteem.

Self-perceptions of enhanced community cohesion & confidence.

N/A, anecdotal.

Survey of communities.

Community level, periodic.

Indicates community pride and self-esteem arising from ownership.

(G)Institutions & processes

Extent of community ownership of land.

No. of CRtB activations.

Registers of Scotland website.

Record check.

Community level, periodic.

Indicates direct uptake of CRtB.

Extent of community interest in ownership of land.

No. of CRtB registrations.

Registers of Scotland website.

Record check.

Community level, periodic.

Indicates direct interest in CRtB.

Extent of community ownership of land.

No. of non- CRtB ownership arrangements.

Voluntary registers of community ownership.

Record check, possible additional surveys of communities.

Community level, periodic.

Indicates wider community ownership of land.

Extent of community involvement in land management.

No. of non- CRtB non- arrangements.

Voluntary registers of community involvement,

Record check, possible additional surveys of communities.

Community level, periodic.

Indicates non-ownership involvement in land management.

Extent of community involvement in land management.

No. of non- CRtB non- arrangements.

Institutional arrangements for social inclusion & consultation

Possible additional surveys of Agencies, NGOs and private landlords.

Regional/national, periodic.

Indicates non-ownership involvement in land management.