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15. References
1) Scottish Executive Health Department. Antimicrobial Resistance and Scottish Action Plan. SEHD, Edinburgh, UK 2002.
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2002/06/14962/7799
2) Scottish Executive Health Department. Antimicrobial Prescribing Policy and Practice in Scotland, Edinburgh, UK, 2005.
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/09/02132609/26099
3) Scottish Executive Health Department. The NHSScotland Code of Practice for the Management of Hygiene and Healthcare Associated Infection, May 2004.
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2004/05/19315/36624
4) Department of Health. The Path of Least Resistance. Department of Health, London, UK, 2002.
http://www.advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk/smac1.htm
5) Weinstein RA, Controlling Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospitals: Infection Control and Use of Antibiotics. Em Infec Dis 2001;7(2):188-191
6) Livermore DM, Minimising Antibiotic Resistance. Lancet Infec Dis 2005;5(7):450-459
7) Davey P, Brown E, Fenelon L, Finch R, Woffen P et al, Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4. Art No.:CD003543
8) Goldman DA, Weinstein RA, Wenzel RP, Tablan OC, Duma RJ, Gaynes RP et al. Strategies to prevent and control the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms in hospitals. A challenge to hospital leadership. JAMA 1996;275:234-40
9) Shlaes DM, Gerding DN, John JF, Craig WM, Bornstein DL, Duncan RA et al. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America and Infectious Diseases Society of America Joint Committee on the Prevention of antimicrobial resistance in hospitals Clin Infec Dis 1997;25:584-99
10) Management of Suspected bacterial urinary tract infection in adults. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, number 88, July 2006
11) Donnan PT, Wei L, Steinke DT, Phillips G, Clarke R, Noone A et al. Presence of bacteriuria caused by trimethoprim resistant bacteria in patients prescribed antibiotics: multilevel model with practice and individual patient data. Br Med J 2004; 328(7451):1297.
12) Guillemot D, Carbon C, Balkau B, Geslin P, Lecoeur H, Vauzelle-Kervroedan F et al. Low dosage and long treatment duration of beta-lactam: risk factors for carriage of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. JAMA 1998; 279:365-370.
13) Mason BW, Howard AJ, Magee JT. Fusidic acid resistance in community isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and fusidic acid prescribing. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;51:1033-36.
14) Metlay JP, Strom BL, Asch DA. Prior antimicrobial drug exposure: a risk factor for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-resistant urinary tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 51(4):963-970.
15) Seppala H, Klaukka T, Vuopio-Varkila J, Muotiala A, Helenius H, Lager K et al. The effect of changes in the consumption of macrolide antibiotics on erythromycin resistance in group A Streptococci in Finland. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:441-446.
16) Preventing healthcare infections acquired while receiving healthcare
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2002/10/15677/12344
17) The Scottish Ministerial Healthcare Associated Infection Task Force
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Health/NHS-Scotland/19529/2005
18) National Cleaning Services Specification
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2004/05/19319/36643
19) Scottish Executive Health Department. Chief Medical and Nursing Officers: Five Top Tips for Patients and Visitors
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Health/NHS-Scotland/19529/cnotpis
20) Scottish Commission for the Regulation of Care 2005. A Review of Cleanliness, Hygiene and Infection Control in Care Homes for Older People 2005.
http://www.carecommission.com/images/stories/documents/publications/reviewsofqualitycare/complete_infection_control_doc.pdf
21) European Union Conference. The Copenhagen Recommendations. Report from the invitational EU conference on the microbial threat. Ministry of Health, Ministry of Food Agriculture and Fisheries, Denmark 1998 [cited 2007 August 21]. Available from
http://www.im.dk/publikationer/micro98/index.htm
22) Use of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from food animals, foods and humans in Denmark [ DANMAP 2005] [cited 2007 August 21]
http://www.danmap.org/pdfFiles/Danmap_2005.pdf
23) A Report on Swedish Antibiotic Utilisation and Resistance in Human Medicine [ SWEDRES 2005]. [cited 2007 August 21]
http://en.strama.se/dyn//,109,.html
24) Consumption of antimicrobial agents and antimicrobial resistance among medically important bacteria in the Netherlands [ NETHMAP 2007] [cited 2007 August 21]
http://www.swab.nl/swab/swabcms.nsf/(WebFiles)/D552D3B6190D0461C12572FF0024F246/$FILE/NETHMAP_2007.pdf.
25) European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System [ EARRS] Annual Report 2005 [cited 2007 August 21]
http://www.rivm.nl/earss/Images/EARSS%202005_tcm61-34899.pdf
26) Disease Projects for the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.
http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/About_us/Disease_projects.html
27) The First European Communicable Disease epidemiological Report. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2007.
http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/Publications/Technicalresports.htm
28) McNulty CAM, Boyle P, Nichols T, Clappison DP, Davey P. Antimicrobial drugs in the home, United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2006 October. Available from
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no10/05-1471.htm
29) Audit Scotland. A Scottish prescription: Managing the use of medicines in hospitals. July 2005
http://www.audit-scotland.gov.uk/docs/health/2005
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