The Scottish Government

City region based development: making competitive places and attracting investment by improving connectivity, sustaining centres of academic excellence, providing high quality environments and having well developed social and cultural facilities.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

+/-

May be permanent or temporary, arising over the short to long term. Cumulative effects arising on peri urban and urban semi natural areas?

Higher levels of development are likely to reduce overall area of semi-natural habitats, exacerbating existing trends identified in the baseline analysis. Emphasis on environmental quality / place-making should ensure this is achieved without adverse effects on biodiversity ⁸⁰. Emphasis on expansion of cities, and regeneration within them, could result in further pressure on areas which are already vulnerable in terms of biodiversity and landscape quality. ⁸¹ Existing legislation and international designations limit adverse effects to some extent.

Promotes human health

+

Secondary health benefits of regeneration only likely to become apparent in long term

Cities tend to be a particular focus for poor health associated with social exclusion ⁸² and concentrations of deprivation. Improvements to cities, their environments, employment and their facilities is likely to be beneficial for health at a community scale. Project level regulation is likely to mean that this does not significantly exacerbate environmental pollution, therefore avoiding associated adverse effects on health.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

++

Secondary effects on health (see above)

Strategic objective aims to improve living environments by making cities more attractive and competitive. Ongoing objective, established in NPF1 and supported by wider policies.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

+

Short term benefits, requiring review over longer term.

When combined with wider commitments to building climate change and environmental capacity into settlement expansion, this part of the NPF will have positive effects. Settlement expansion is likely to seek to be sustainable, to maintain competitiveness arising from environmental quality and place-making. Potential issues arising over long term as a result of a lack of specific reference to changing capacity as a result of climate change.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

+

Cumulative positive effects when viewed alongside other energy and transport driven components of NPF

Focusing growth in existing settlements makes best use of available resources and should limit, but not reverse, any additional growth in travel distance. NPF aims to target developments in areas which are accessible by public transport by linking with strategic land use decisions.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

-

Cumulative effects on the water environment, when combined with potential for wider sources of diffuse pollution.

Potential effects on water quality and supplies arising from continuing urban development -will require appropriate mitigation through infrastructure planning and development plan approaches to land allocations. Generally reduced impacts assumed as a result of regulatory mechanisms already in place. The SWMI Report for the Scotland RBD⁸³ notes the impact of urban development on diffuse pollution to waterbodies, and mapping of water bodies at risk from this shows cities are a focus of current problems. Mitigation required to avoid exacerbating these further, including adherence to measures which will be brought forward by RBMP.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

-

Permanent soil sealing likely to occur. Timescale dependent on the pace of investment and development. Soil sealing could generate secondary effects on the water environment.

Loss of soils to urban development likely to have negative effects, although minor in scale when considered from a national perspective. Alternative of more decentralised growth might have proven more significantly detrimental in relation to this criterion. Emphasis on brownfield sites should continue to limit adverse effects by prioritising development sites where chemical and industrial soil pollution could be addressed.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+/-

Positive cumulative effects from brownfield site regeneration over the long term.

As noted above, the overall emphasis on development in existing urban areas is likely to result in high uptake of brownfield sites within and close to urban areas, providing support for derelict and contaminated land remediation. Emphasis on cities may reduce benefits for rural areas, although this will be balanced by a lack of pressure for development helping to safeguard environmental resources, contributing indirectly to diversification.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

+/-

Potential for irreversible negative effects where cultural heritage resources are damaged or lost.

Emphasis on maintaining environmental quality and local distinctiveness as part of place-making may help to safeguard the built environment, although urban development may also put pressure on historic buildings (affecting their setting) and archaeological remains. Land take for development will result in impacts on historic resources. Mitigation and development level management required to ensure protected sites and their settings are not lost or damaged.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

+/-

Incremental growth may have recognisable effects in the medium term depending on the pace of investment. Potential secondary effects - loss of landscape quality could undermine NPF commitments to maintaining high quality environments

Focus on city based development may put pressure on already vulnerable peri-urban landscapes, areas around existing transport infrastructure and other relatively accessible areas ⁸⁴. It is important that city development is undertaken with landscape capacity in mind. Mitigation is required to avoid adverse effects, including in strategic development plans which should recognise the distinctive nature of landscape character and seek to achieve development in a way which complements existing qualities.

Economic diversification in small and medium sized towns - commitment to place-making, environmental improvement, connectivity and a flexible approach to land allocations and the use of buildings

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

+/-

Loss of semi natural habitats or impacts on protected habitats or species may be permanent. Development of multiple sites in relatively small communities could result in more significant cumulative effects.

Potential to place additional pressure on biodiversity by resulting in loss of semi-natural habitats. Biodiversity protection may be achieved in part, however, by the continuing commitment to place-making and environmental improvements. Important to ensure flexible approach to land allocations takes biological capacity into account.

Promotes human health

0

Minor secondary long-term effects arising from economic benefits of small town diversification.

Has the potential to result indirectly in improved health through increased economic prosperity and improved services in small and medium sized towns. Neutral effects on health anticipated overall.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

+/-

Secondary effects, over long term, given the limited level of development arising from this aspect of the NPF.

Potential for secondary / indirect effects arising from potential loss of quality of life, requiring mitigation to achieve sustainable solutions (see below). Where development is well planned and managed, small and medium sized towns should be able to grow in a sustainable way that accommodates development needs and provides new economic opportunities for the local population. Important that ideas and opportunities for economic diversification are engendered from within existing communities as far as possible.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

+/-

Potential for adverse effects where a significant amount of additional land is released for development. Requires further consideration through strategic and local development plans to ensure most sustainable patterns of settlement expansion are achieved. More flexible approach to re-use of buildings and land allocations should be viewed as an opportunity to achieve better match between infrastructure and development locations. Important that climate change adaptation is considered as an integral part of land allocations and settlement planning.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

+

Incremental change only likely to result in relatively minor benefits over medium to long term

Emphasis on development of small and medium sized towns should help to improve local employment provision, services and facilities, thereby reducing the need to travel from rural to urban areas.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

+/-

Additional development to accommodate economic diversification may result in further pressure on water supplies and increased risk of water pollution, depending on existing capacity and environmental sensitivity. Requires careful management at local development plan level. Mitigation required to avoid exacerbating these further, including adherence to measures that will be brought forward by RBMP.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

-

Loss of soils / soil sealing likely to have permanent effects. Potential secondary effects on water environment.

Additional development likely to lead to soil sealing

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+

Cumulative benefits for rural Scotland arising from more diverse and attractive small and medium sized towns, with improved services.

More flexible approach to land allocations may ensure more efficient use of land. More imaginative use of buildings should help to ensure they are fit for purpose. In rural areas, establishing a close alliance between economic diversification and environmental stewardship should be beneficial for overall SEA objectives relating to rural sustainability and reducing peripherality.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

+/-

Potential for permanent negative effects where cultural heritage resources are damaged or lost

Place-making emphasis may help to conserve locally important resources, although higher levels of development or more flexible land allocations may also lead to increased risk of loss or damage to archaeological resources. Overall setting and historic character of small and medium sized towns requires to be safeguarded in settlement strategies, to avoid adverse effects and to ensure their value is properly recognised.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

+/-

Potential secondary effects from this broad commitment

Diversification and growth may have recognisable effects on smaller settlements in the short term depending on the pace of investment. It is important that a more flexible approach to land allocations is achieved with landscape capacity in mind.

Supporting tourism and leisure: conserving and promoting the historic environment, attracting sporting and cultural events and making use of opportunities arising from climate change.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

0

No significant effects anticipated, although potential for adverse effects if 'opportunities arising from climate change' include improved access to sensitive environments for outdoor activities (e.g. upland habitats or waterbodies).

Promotes human health

++

Health benefits of increased physical activity only likely to be realised in long term. Secondary effects on quality of life arising from improved population health.

Commitment to attracting international sporting events, including the 2014 Commonwealth Games, offers potential significant positive effects on health by helping to stimulate higher levels of physical activity. Wider benefits arising from improved environments more generally.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

+

Secondary effects arising from improved prosperity and health (see above)

General improvement in living environments from enhanced facilities, and secondary effects arising from improved health (see above). Careful management of larger scale facilities required to ensure community identity is retained and strengthened.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

+

Long-term secondary effects arising from investment associated with major sporting events.

Positive effects will occur where provision of major new leisure facilities is complemented by improved transport links. Emphasis on opportunities arising from climate change - also need to take into account potential requirement for climate change adaptation (e.g. resiting or choice of sites for sports and tourism facilities in the long term.)

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

-

Secondary effects arising from increased tourism activity.

Commitment to tourism and international events may generate increased travel distance, including by air and from longer distances / overseas, with consequent increase in greenhouse gas emissions arising from transport sector. Important that any new sports or tourism facilities maximise opportunities for energy efficiency / energy generated from renewable sources.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

0

No significant effects anticipated.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

0

No significant effects anticipated.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+

Secondary effects arising from this high level policy.

Plans for development of key facilities should make best use of existing resources, and / or be sited within settlements to maximise opportunities for redevelopment of brownfield sites.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

++/-

Potential for permanent loss of, or damage to, archaeological resources/

Commitment to conserving the built environment for tourism purposes likely to be beneficial, although careful site management will be required to ensure visitor capacity is not exceeded, as this could lead to loss or damage to archaeological resources or have adverse effects on historic buildings. Promotion of cultural heritage should help to raise awareness of its value and meaning, and investment may lead to enhancement or interpretation of resources (where appropriate).

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

0

Possible temporary or permanent impacts on the landscape should be mitigated by appropriate project design and management.

Potential landscape and townscape effects of new sporting or tourism resources require to be managed at a local level, particularly where environmental characteristics are central to the project in the first place.

Mixed use developments to accommodate business needs, and potential for reallocation of industrial land allocations for housing and businesses uses.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

+/-

Positive or negative effects on biodiversity may arise, depending on quality and character of sites that are developed. Site level mitigation required. Wider protective regimes likely to help avoid significant adverse effects.

Promotes human health

+

Secondary effects

Minor positive effects on health arising from improved economic prosperity. An emphasis on mixed use developments may reduce travel distances and be more conducive to building in sustainable transport options, including walking and cycling, which increase levels of physical activity and therefore improve health.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

+/-

Impacts in the medium term, although actual timing will be dependent on pace of investment and development.

Principle of mixed use development should help to strengthen communities. However, reallocation of industrial land for housing could also raise issues in relation to policy commitments to environmental justice, where those sites are relatively low amenity, potentially requiring remediation to remove contamination etc. Important that land allocations are complemented with environmental improvements to avoid adverse effects on living environments.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

+

More flexible approach to land reallocation should be used to help achieve more sustainable settlement patterns. Important that environmental capacity is considered carefully in order to achieve this. Strategic and local development plans should promote this approach, particularly where sites are also accessible by public transport, well serviced by other infrastructure and their development will not result in adverse effects on other environmental resources.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

+

Positive cumulative effects when viewed alongside wider NPF commitments to reducing transport sector emissions.

Potentially positive effect, if reallocation of sites and mixed use developments brings employment and facilities closer to where people live, thereby reducing travel distances.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

+/-

Reallocation of previously serviced sites could reduce the need for additional water supplies or drainage infrastructure in some cases. Soil sealing may occur, leading to increased flood risk and susceptibility to pollution. Water environment impacts require to be taken into account with data suggesting that proximity to water dependent wildlife receptors and flood risk has not been comprehensively considered within development plans. ⁸⁵

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

-

Permanent effects arising from soil sealing.

Development may lead to soil sealing.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

++

Improved efficiency may be achieved within a relatively short time, depending on pace of investment and development which can be secured.

This component aims specifically to ensure that land is used more efficiently. Opportunities arising from mixed use development include more compact urban forms, reducing the need to travel and promoting higher density developments which in turn could reduce pressure on some natural resources.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

+/-

Potential for irreversible negative effects where cultural heritage resources are damaged or lost.

Development may result in loss of or damage to archaeological resources, and mixed development could have an effect on the quality of the wider built environment, if not appropriately designed and located. Mitigation through development plans required if positive enhancement effects to be realised.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

+/-

Loss of landscape character on urban fringe may be permanent, but unlikely in most cases to be recognisable in the short term. Potential for significant adverse cumulative effects on some settlements, if major development of industrial land on urban fringe

Emphasis on making best use of sites within settlements to achieve more mixed use developments could reduce development pressure on wider landscape, although reuse of industrial land on the periphery of settlements will require appropriate design and mitigation to avoid undermining the landscape setting of settlements.

Harnessing the economic potential of carbon capture and storage to provide a new industrial opportunity in the North Sea, and in relation to existing power stations, as well as continuing protection of peatlands

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

--/++

Potential for permanent negative effects on the marine environment in the short term - but no clear evidence of impacts at present. Positive synergistic effects when viewed together with wider NPF aims to reduce emissions particularly from the transport and energy generation sectors.

Effectiveness of some methods of engineered carbon capture remains untested. Leak into sensitive marine environments would have significant adverse effects, including on sensitive and unknown marine ecology ⁸⁶. At the same time, successful development of the technology could make a positive contribution to global environmental objectives. Making use of existing industrial infrastructure should be beneficial for biodiversity where it avoids additional impacts from new developments. Conservation of peatlands provides significant biodiversity benefits, in addition to those relating to carbon storage.

Promotes human health

0/-?

Possible safety and pollution issues associated with risk of leakage.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

0

No significant effects anticipated.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

+

Long term benefits

New technology offers the potential for long-term sustainable reuse of available infrastructure.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

-/++

Long-term benefits arising from safeguarding of natural carbon storage function of peatlands. Cumulative effects when considered in combination with wider NPF commitments to reducing emissions.

Potentially a relatively resource efficient means of substantially reducing carbon emissions, when full life cycle is taken into account. However, relatively low place of measures to achieve energy efficiency in the hierarchy could mean that opportunities to increase energy efficiency and reduce the carbon footprint of energy industry are missed. Potential for reduced emissions higher when combined with coal fired power plants, as compared to gas as a result of initial CO ₂ generated ⁸⁷.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

+/--

Secondary effects from conservation of peatlands. Potential direct effects from leakage events.

Conservation of peatlands would be beneficial for the wider water environment if their hydrological integrity is maintained. Potential for significant adverse effects on wider water environment if risk of leakage cannot be entirely discounted.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

+

Positive effects from conservation of peatlands.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+

Potentially useful role in long term as efficiency improves through technological advances

Makes best use of existing infrastructure. Any further new build power plant should be designed with scope for retrofitted carbon capture measures built in to ensure opportunities can be realised.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

0

No significant effects anticipated. Peatland conservation should provide indirect benefits where it sustains archaeological resources.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

0

No significant effects anticipated, although possible landscape benefits arising from peatland conservation and localised impacts of new plant required for engineered options.

Support sustainable economic growth by ensuring good access to centres of employment and promoting better freight connectivity

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

-

Cumulative effects

Impacts dependent on location and design of transport infrastructure required to achieve this objective. Potential for loss of habitats and negative effects on protected sites or species arising from increased connectivity and improved or expanded transport infrastructure. Fragmentation of habitat networks could increase as a result of linear forms of most transport infrastructure.

Promotes human health

+/-

Secondary effects arising from increased risk of pollution and improved access to services.

Potential for minor secondary effects on health - positive as a result of improved access to employment and more negative if pollution risks are not effectively managed through established regulatory mechanism (see water and soil below).

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

+/-

Long term benefits. Possible short-term, temporary effects arising from infrastructure construction.

Improved access to employment opportunities would be beneficial for communities and overall quality of life, helping to reduce social exclusion. Potential for localised adverse effects arising from increased freight transport requiring local mitigation - scope to reduce congestion as part of improved connectivity should provide overall improvements in quality of life.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

+

Given scale of improvements to freight network envisaged, benefits may only be achieved in the medium term

Improved access to employment should be beneficial when progressed as an integral part of sustainable settlements. Infrastructure improvements for freight generally in line with this criterion. Further work required to ensure long-term robustness of freight routes and modes in light of climate change.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

+/-

Possible shorter term benefits extending into longer term disbenefits

Potential to increase overall travel distance, although negative impacts may be limited to an extent by an emphasis on more sustainable modes of transport, and progressing opportunities for rail freight and shipping in particular. Underlying aim of reducing congestion should provide benefits.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

-/+

Short term disbenefits may be replaced by positive outcomes in the longer term, if significant modal shift is achieved. Potential synergistic effects when considered in relation to soils

Emphasis on shipping opportunities for freight sector may lead to increased risk of pollution in coastal waters and firths. Reduced road transport resulting from shift to more sustainable modes of transport should help to reduce water pollution arising from run-off from road network.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

-

Potential synergistic effects when considered in relation to water environment.

Potential for negative effects arising from infrastructure development (soil sealing, loss of resources and pollution). No significant positive effects beyond long-term reduction in surface water run off.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+

Improved accessibility should help to ensure more sustainable use of suitable sites.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

-

Potential for irreversible negative effects where cultural heritage resources are damaged or lost.

Potential for negative effects on cultural heritage (primarily archaeology but also built heritage and its setting) arising from infrastructure development.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

-

Possible permanent and long-term effects arising from large-scale infrastructure improvements. Secondary adverse effects on quality of life potentially arising.

Additional transport infrastructure could put further pressure on already vulnerable landscapes.

Commitment to protecting and enhancing the natural, cultural and built environments, noting the role of planning in managing the biodiversity, protecting cultural heritage maintaining local distinctiveness and creating a more sustainable and resource efficient built environment.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

++

Commitment already established and likely to continue, although benefits unlikely to be permanent, requiring ongoing support. Possibly undermined by secondary effects arising from wider provisions of the NPF (see other tables)

Commitment to biodiversity and recognition of opportunities for national scale biodiversity networks that build capacity in light of climate change likely to be beneficial for these criteria.

Promotes human health

+

May arise as an indirect / secondary effect.

Safeguarding environmental quality likely to provide general health benefits as part of quality of life and community well being ⁸⁸.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

++

As above - safeguarding environmental quality can make a significant contribution to quality of life ⁸⁹.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

+/-

In the long term innovative solutions to achieving settlement expansion in tandem with maintaining environmental quality should emerge that lead to more permanent benefits.

Should be possible to achieve this in addition to wider commitments to development, settlement expansion and infrastructure provision, although conflicts may arise that require careful management and mitigation within strategic and local development plans and through balanced development management.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

+

Energy savings of any significance may only be realised in the medium to long term - can be built into new developments but retrofitting to the majority of existing stock more challenging. Further indirect / secondary effects likely to arise from environmental protection.

Creating a more resource efficient built environment should help to reduce energy consumption. Potential for the natural environment to contribute to carbon savings, as a secondary benefit.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

++

Likely to be beneficial in relation to the ecological quality of water resources.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

++

Secondary effect

Implicit aim, given the role of soil quality and functionality in supporting wider environmental resources including archaeology, biodiversity and landscape quality.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+

Secondary effect

Implicit aim of this part of the NPF.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

++

Positive effects may not necessarily be permanent - requires long-term commitment.

Significant positive effects arising from an overall commitment to planning which safeguards the historic built environment.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

++

Positive effects may not necessarily be permanent - requires long-term commitment. Likely to provide positive secondary effects on quality of life.

Significant positive effects arising from an overall commitment to planning which safeguards the historic built environment.

Ensuring that development patterns are robust in relation to climate change - taking into account changing capacity and reconciling this with local environmental protection priorities.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

+/-

Benefits in relation to building resilience to climate change will only become apparent in long term. Synergistic effects alongside water, soil, landscape etc. should be achieved.

Implicit aim that development patterns will build in additional capacity for biodiversity to adapt to environmental change arising from climate change. Potential for trade-offs to be required between the need to adapt to climate change whilst safeguarding important habitats and supporting protected species - may result in loss of semi-natural habitats where their development represents the best option in terms of long-term climate change impacts. General links with the need to reduce habitat fragmentation to assist species migration.

Promotes human health

+

Secondary effects arising from improvements to environmental quality.

Attention to the effects of climate change on environmental capacity should help to improve all aspects of environmental quality and reduce pollution of soil, water and air, thereby providing wider health benefits in the longer term. Climate change related health issues may include increases in extreme weather events, including maximum summer temperatures, high winds, storms and flooding - these also require to be planned for in the longer term, particularly in relation to socially and geographically vulnerable populations.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

+

Secondary effects

If this objective is achieved, more robust settlement patterns should be delivered, which in turn will reduce future vulnerability to the effects of climate change, thereby contributing to quality of life. Implementation may result in tensions with wider policies which aim to focus development on accessible areas, and / or existing settlements. Important role for development plans to play in addressing potential tensions to provide a balanced approach to defining sustainable settlement patterns.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

++

Benefits unlikely to be permanent given the ongoing need to adapt and respond to change.

This part of the NPF specifically seeks to meet this objective, by encouraging local authorities to anticipate and respond to climate change within future development strategies.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

+

This objective of the NPF is primarily focused on climate change adaptation, and it is important that this is linked with ongoing commitments to mitigation. Important that strategic and local development plan SEAs explore the tensions between development choices which are robust in relation to the effects of climate change, and those which aim to reduce emissions from the transport sector in particular.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

++

Benefits for water should provide secondary support for biodiversity and soils.

Approaches to development which 'build in' climate change considerations should benefit the water environment and ensure that commitments to improving and maintaining water quality and supplies can be achieved. Innovative thinking in the water sector, modelling and capacity assessments which is already emerging could be used to help councils address water issues.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

+

Soil impacts also produce synergistic effects on quality of life, water, archaeology, landscape, biodiversity and air quality.

Important that adaptation takes on board the potential vulnerability of soil to climate change in assessing future capacity. As climate changes, harmful emissions from soil could escalate due to changes in temperature and rainfall, thereby undermining mitigation targets. Potential loss of organic content and increased susceptibility to erosion also require to be taken into account.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

++

Implicit long-term perspective provided by this objective of the NPF. Should have secondary effects in terms of climate change mitigation.

By making more robust development decisions, councils should ensure that more efficient choices are made in the long term.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

+/-

Potential for permanent negative impacts if not fully reconciled at the local level.

A climate driven approach to development land allocations should help with wider objectives to protect the historic environment, where it takes into account increasing vulnerability of soil and water resources that support sites and remains. Climate change driven settlement patterns may sit uneasily alongside established policies on the historic environment. This requires further consideration at a more local level.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

+/-

Likely to be a long-term effect emerging as settlement patterns change in response to climate change. Permanent landscape changes could result.

As with cultural heritage resources, it is possible that the best development options arising from climate change considerations could have adverse effects on landscape resources which are currently valued. Important for strategic and local development plans to consider commitments to international environmental objectives on climate change and assess their effects on more locally important resources such as landscape. To what extent might we be able to accept landscape change, which is potentially detrimental in visual or landscape character terms, on the basis of the need to accommodate climate change in the long term? Opportunities for 'win win' approaches which deliver landscape protection and enhancement alongside climate change adaptation should be explored further.

Establishing, expanding and connecting green networks on vacant and derelict land, including former mineral workings and landfill sites. Support for existing strategic green networks and the long-term development of a Central Belt Green Network as a place-making and environmental improvement initiative. Support for initiatives to expand woodland cover and wetlands / water systems to create a new national habitat network, including alongside linear infrastructure.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

++/-

Benefits unlikely to be permanent - requires long-term monitoring. Synergistic effects arising in relation to health, quality of life and wider place-making aspirations.

It is assumed that green network development will deliver significant benefits for biodiversity, although potential for negative effects on some habitats and certain species from aspects of network development (e.g. expansion of woodland cover) also requires to be recognised.

Promotes human health

+

Benefits for health only likely to emerge at a national scale in the medium to long term. Secondary benefits arising for quality of life.

Central Scotland focus of green network enhancement likely to help deliver health benefits for communities with lowest levels of physical activity. Smaller scale benefits could emerge in the short term as a result of green network related initiatives such as health walks.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

++

Benefits extending into the long term. Secondary benefits arising for health and in relation to the place-making agenda.

Likely to deliver significant benefits for communities as a result of strategic level improvements to the quality of the living environment. Community involvement in green network projects and initiatives could further enhance benefits.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

+?

Potentially positive impacts in relation to providing capacity for adaptation to climate change. Requires consideration of greening objectives in relation to climate change. Greener infrastructure and reduction of the severance effects of linear transport routes etc could be greatly assisted by this NPF objective.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

+

Benefits may only emerge in longer term, given time required for natural processes to contribute to reductions in emissions. Cumulative / synergistic effects likely when delivered alongside wider climate change mitigation proposals (e.g. reducing transport and energy sector emissions)

Greening projects have potential to reduce emissions through natural processes (e.g. increased tree cover for carbon capture.)

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

++/-

Inclusion of SUDS and / or wetland network improvements likely to result in synergies with biodiversity objectives.

Likely to deliver benefits for the water environment, provided water networks are included and other habitat restructuring is progressed in line with existing environmental safeguards to minimise potential adverse effects (e.g. from tree planting). Potential for temporary adverse effects on the water environment arising from derelict or contaminated land remediation, if pollution risk is not effectively managed. Potential end use as part of SUDS and integration of schemes into wider green network to deliver multiple environmental benefits.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

++/-

Synergistic effects in relation to water environment, landscape and biodiversity.

Improved natural green networks should deliver secondary benefits for soils, particularly where their existing and future value and vulnerability can be built into greening projects. Reclamation of derelict land could provide benefits where 'softer' end uses are delivered. Good practice in environmental management (e.g. sustainable forestry guidelines) required to avoid adverse effects of some greening processes such as woodland restructuring.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+

Generally compatible with this objective, although strategic and local development plans and green network initiatives may need to strike an appropriate balance between achieving natural enhancements and ensuring that sites can be made available for development where they represent the most efficient and sustainable options for long-term settlement expansion. Provides a positive end use for previously unsustainable methods of waste disposal. Urban focused policy with few benefits for rural areas.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

+/-

Loss of historic resources may be permanent and irreversible.

Greening initiatives should seek to safeguard archaeological resources, by taking into account potential impacts of certain processes on remains and sites. Potential to improve significantly the setting of the wider built environment or historic buildings, if greening projects actively promote landscape scale recognition of heritage resources. Greener end use of derelict land within and around settlements should contribute positively to townscape.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

++/-

Landscape change likely to emerge in medium to longer term. Synergistic effects in relation to biodiversity, soils and water.

Potential for green networks to deliver significant landscape benefits. Important that competing environmental objectives are brought together - e.g. optimum habitat improvements which also complement landscape character and visual amenity - in order to avoid possible adverse effects.

Proposals for continuing remediation of derelict land, together with incentives for spreading this to lower value sites.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

+/-

Beneficial providing biodiversity is built into plans for reclamation. Secondary benefit of reducing demand for greenfield development. Potential for longer term disbenefits if reclamation leads to loss of semi-natural habitats or rare species, and replacement with developed end use.

Improvement, particularly of contaminated land should provide further benefits for biodiversity, particularly in and around urban areas. Important, however, that any existing ecological quality is recognised and taken into account. Emphasis on also reinstating lower value sites could result in 'softer' end uses which in turn contribute to wider biodiversity objectives. Reclamation should seek to ensure that sites are built into strategic green networks.

Promotes human health

+

Secondary effects

Where derelict land is contaminated, it is reasonable to envisage a significant reduction in risks to human health, particularly as a result of an overall reduction of pollution risk. General benefits of higher amenity for community health.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

++

Short to long-term benefits, with cumulative effects for some communities where there is a high level of existing derelict land.

Reduction in derelict land likely to enhance living environments. Emphasis on tackling lower value sites may help to overcome longstanding problems, and has the potential to contribute to the environmental justice agenda, given evidence of links between derelict land and social deprivation.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

++?

Better use of derelict land within settlements likely to promote a more sustainable settlement pattern and compact cities, and reduce the need to develop green field sites. However, it is also important to recognise that this may not always represent the most sustainable option in relation to other environmental considerations, including climate change and flood risk.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

+

Secondary effects

General support for reuse of brownfield sites should be beneficial in terms of promoting development patterns which avoid generating additional travel distance and promote the use of more sustainable modes of transport.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

-/+

Minor short-term negative effects, extending into cumulative benefits.

Important to avoid opening of pollution pathways during remediation. Reduction in the area of brownfield land should reduce risk of chemical or industrial pollution from such sites.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

++/-

Potential temporary negative effects depending on remediation methods used. Overall aim of policy is to deliver long-term benefits. Potential for remediation processes to lead to positive synergistic effects arising for water, soil and biodiversity.

Potential benefits for soil by allowing redevelopment of brownfield sites. Temporary negative effects during remediation process require recognition - these will depend to an extent on the remediation methods used (e.g. capping or soil removal providing less positive outcomes than alternative biological methods). Project level EIA should seek to identify the most sustainable options.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

++

Overall aim of policy is to allow better use to be made of brownfield sites within settlements. Actual impacts will depend on ultimate end use of sites.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

-/+?

Potential for permanent loss of resources if unsympathetic approaches to remediation adopted. May offer opportunities to enhance the settings of valued buildings.

Potential for derelict and contaminated land reclamation to have adverse effects on archaeological resources, particularly in light of cultural heritage value of mining and industrial heritage. However, building archaeological assessment into remediation processes now generally supported - good practice measures required to mitigate potential damage. Sympathetic reclamation and well designed end uses could make a positive contribution to the setting and quality of historic townscapes and listed buildings.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

+

Benefits likely to emerge in medium to longer term.

Medium to long-term benefits potentially arising in relation to maintaining and enhancing landscape character, although this will dependent on identifying and designing a sympathetic end use for sites.

Promoting new renewable energy including wave and tidal, biomass and offshore wind, providing an improved electricity transmission network, clean coal and coal bed methane, and particularly focusing on coastal areas/ marine power. Biofuels and their links with the farming sector are also supported.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

+/--

Negative effects may be temporary and permanent, as a result of construction and operation of schemes respectively. Long-term benefits could be expected as a result of shift to greener methods of energy generation. Potential for significant cumulative effects on biodiversity depending on location and scale of developments.

Renewable energy generation and transmission proposals can have significant adverse effects on biodiversity, where inappropriately sited or designed. Combined with the provisions of SPP6, it is anticipated that appropriate mitigation would be put in place in development plans and through development management. Scope for habitat enhancement associated with schemes also likely to be progressed alongside proposals. Long-term benefits arising from reduced emissions from fossil fuels. Particular pressure on marine and coastal habitats and species requires further innovation to provide clearer evidence on impacts, and appropriate mitigation ⁹⁰.

Promotes human health

+?

Long-term health benefits envisaged, although potential disbenefits from construction etc. in shorter term.

No significant effects on health envisaged, beyond a long-term reduction in air pollution arising from cleaner technology. Scheme specific effects on health (e.g. arising from noise and vibration) should be appropriately mitigated through the EIA process.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

+/-

Long term benefits, although potential disbenefits in the short term as a result of construction. Potentially significant cumulative effects, given the scale of projects proposed. Particular repercussions for coastal communities and those in proximity to transmission infrastructure.

Potential for both positive and negative effects. Extending capacity for renewable energy generation should be beneficial for communities in the long term. However, some schemes may be perceived as having negative consequences for communities, due to effects on a range of environmental factors, particularly landscape. NPF seeks to promote a shift away from a current emphasis on onshore wind towards more diverse generation pattern and better use of the coastal and marine environment. SPP6 should additionally reduce negative effects on living environments through provisions for development plans and development management.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

+

Has the potential to contribute to sub-criteria relating to sustainable infrastructure development, if appropriately sited and designed.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

++

Renewable energy consents likely to be temporary - requires longer term monitoring and renewal as appropriate. Potential for significant positive cumulative effects when taken forward together with other sectoral commitments to reducing emissions supported by NPF (e.g. transport)

Primary aim of the policy is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the energy sector. Given the significance of energy emissions in Scotland, substantial reductions should lead to significant benefits.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

+/-

Potential for cumulative impacts

Site level impacts require mitigation, particularly in terms of possible impacts on the marine and coastal environment which an emphasis on specific technologies might exacerbate. EIA process should ensure avoidance of significant adverse effects on the water environment.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

+

Emphasis on off-shore and coastal developments should be beneficial for soils, where it reduces pressure from onshore wind developments.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

0

No significant effects envisaged.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

+/-

Any loss of archaeological resources would be permanent.

Potential for renewable energy generation and transmission schemes to result in loss of cultural heritage resources ⁹¹. Marine and coastal environments often contain rich and unknown archaeological resources which could be affected by a particular emphasis on these types of generation ⁹². Requires project-specific mitigation.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

--?

Cumulative effects likely to arise over long term.

Potentially significant negative effects on landscape, depending on a range of factors including project design and location.

NPF notes the impact of development on landscape character and quality, whilst also recognising that landscapes are constantly subject to change. Some landscape improvements are proposed as part of urban regeneration, rural economic development and forest restructuring.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

+/-

Long-term restructuring could lead to slowly emerging effects on biodiversity

Generally, landscape protection and enhancement is likely to correspond with recognised biodiversity policies. However, there is a need for ongoing collaboration to ensure any major restructuring does not have adverse consequences for particular species. Important to develop ecologically resilient and varied landscapes by reducing intensity of land use and increasing habitat connectivity to achieve landscape permeability ⁹³.

Promotes human health

+

Possible minor and indirect effects on health and well-being arising from landscape protection.

Support for landscape likely to be generally beneficial for health and wellbeing as natural environments can inspire and facilitate physical activity and support community mental health ⁹⁴. Potential for added value from landscape enhancement projects where they are targeted at communities suffering from higher levels of deprivation, given the environmental justice agenda.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

++

The effects of enhancement projects may be long term. Cumulative effects arising from more widespread and consistent support for landscape protection and enhancement at a national scale.

Generally positive effects for communities as a result of protected and improved landscape quality. Economic benefits of landscapes can be direct or indirect, as they play an important role in relation to tourism and product marketing, as well as in contributing to the place-making agenda. Maintaining distinctive landscapes, and addressing past damage through enhancement can help to strengthen communities.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

+/-

Potential for conflict with this objective where best solutions for sustainable settlement expansion (defined in relation to climate change and other environmental factors) could result in loss or erosion of landscape character. At the same time, traditional landscape protection should not constrain more innovative approaches to sustainable settlement expansion. Landscapes are part of a multifunctional network of greenspace which is an integral part of sustainable settlement planning. Nationally prioritised opportunities for landscape enhancement include the need to focus on creating more distinctive, robust and accessible landscape settings for cities and towns ⁹⁵.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

+/-

Landscape protection can conflict with proposals for renewable energy generation. SPP6 and other guidelines should ensure that mutually appropriate solutions are identified in development plans and through the development management process. Landscape protection may be viewed as a constraint to some transport initiatives which aim to reduce road-based traffic.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

+/-

Secondary effects

Generally, mutually supportive objectives, with landscape protection and enhancement generally safeguarding water bodies as an integral part of landscape character. Potential for some localised adverse effects of specific enhancement measures (e.g. tree planting or forestry restructuring) on the water environment, requiring local management.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

+/-

Secondary effects

As with water resources above, landscape-driven enhancements require to be managed in a way which avoids exacerbating erosion- mutually beneficial options should be sought.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

0

Landscape enhancement measures may or may not be compatible with carbon capture objectives. Generally compatible aims - no significant effects anticipated. Rural development likely to benefit particularly from landscape conservation, given strong links with quality of rural life and tourism.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

+

Increasing awareness of the importance of cultural landscapes, historic gardens and designed landscapes likely to lead to mutually beneficial outcomes for landscape and the historic built environment.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

++

Benefits may only emerge as a result of consistent commitments in the medium to longer term

This is the key driver underlying this part of NPF.

Recognition of the special character and national priorities for the coastal environment and support for continuing integrated management. The NPF notes the need for positive links between development plans and RBMPs, and recommends a joined up approach to catchment management. It states that wetland capacity should be increased to reduce flood risk and recommends a strategic approach to the management of the firths.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

++

Secondary benefits potentially extending into long term

Commitments under WFD to improving ecological water quality likely to be beneficial for biodiversity. Integrated coastal management and natural solutions to flood risk will provide significant benefits for wetland and coastal related habitats and species. Important for rivers and coasts to be allowed to help adjust to climate change - changing rainfall patterns and rising sea levels ⁹⁶. Increased temperatures will also alter the biological composition of water bodies.

Promotes human health

+

Indirect / secondary benefits arising from protecting and improving water resources.

Generally positive in relation to health, although of a minor nature given wider regulations and safeguards already in place.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

+

Indirect / secondary effects of protected or improved water resources

Minor indirect positive effects in relation to living environments.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

+

Generally compatible, further consideration could facilitate more significant benefits.

Catchment wide and strategic / integrated coastal management should build in capacity to provide benefits for sustainable settlement patterns. Provision of additional water and drainage infrastructure complements SEA objectives relating to infrastructure provision. Important that measures such as flood defences go beyond taking into account past and current risk, to ensure they are robust in relation to long-term climate change. ⁹⁷ Previous criticisms of flood management have noted the need to build in climate change predictions in order to ensure long-term capacity is accurately assessed. Scope for NPF to help achieve this should be considered further.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

0

No significant impacts anticipated.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

++

Significant cumulative benefits arising from strategic and integrated approaches to coastal and water management.

Primary driver of these parts of the NPF - likely to provide significant benefits.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

+

Secondary effects

Likely to generate mutually beneficial outcomes for soil by helping to reduce related effects such as diffuse pollution.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

0

Secondary effects

No significant impacts anticipated. Possible benefits arising from dual role of wetlands in flood management and maintaining biodiversity.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

+/-

Secondary and potential primary effects.

Surface and groundwater systems can be important for sustaining archaeological resources, and coastal areas may also be rich in resources, and benefit from integrated environmental management. Need for project-level mitigation of water and drainage infrastructure to avoid loss or damage to resources. Noted as a key issue in wider references to coastal management. ⁹⁸

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

+

Secondary effects

Integrated and strategic approaches to water and coastal management should be generally compatible with landscape-driven objectives. Coastal Strategy notes the importance and unique qualities of large parts of Scotland's coasts, reinforcing the need for protection.

Provision of new waste management facilities to meet established targets is generally supported. Facilities for low level radioactive waste should be provided in accordance with the proximity principle.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

++/-

Cumulative effects of a positive nature may arise given potential benefits from 'greener' facilities that fulfil recycling targets.

Waste management facilities can have significantly varying effects, depending on the chosen technology, siting and design. Composting and anaerobic digestion facilities can provide biodiversity benefits, whilst others are more likely to be damaging as a result of processes and emissions involved (incineration and landfill). ⁹⁹ This part of the NPF reflects a shift away from the latter type of facilities towards more sustainable approaches. Best practice and appropriate regulation can usually mitigate adverse effects of waste disposal facilities on biodiversity.

Promotes human health

0

Secondary effects - minor or negligible depending on appropriate mitigation.

No evidence of significant adverse effects on health has been identified. Emphasis on the proximity principle should reduce need for transport of waste, but may also lead to a more decentralised pattern of development which in turn might raise concerns at the community level.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

0/+

Again, no clear evidence of disbenefits in relation to quality of life. Fulfilling recycling targets and improved facilities could have positive effects on quality of life overall.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

+

Secondary economic benefits.

Generally supports objective to provide more sustainable development patterns as a result of a relatively decentralised approach to provision of new facilities. This should reduce transport requirements and their associated potential impacts on communities. Waste management sector likely to be supported by commitment to meeting targets.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

++/-

Benefits may increase as technology progresses in the long term. Synergistic effects arising from reduced emissions, which in turn would bring benefits for both local resources (biodiversity) and global objectives (climate change).

A shift away from landfill should substantially reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Energy consumption by the transport of waste should be reduced if the proximity principle is applied. Energy from waste opportunities are supported by NPF. Air quality issues / emissions arising from composting facilities require further consideration, alongside those which are already recognised in relation to landfill and incineration.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

-?

Important to take into account potentially adverse effects of these processes on water quality and supplies ¹⁰⁰. Requires appropriate project-level mitigation to avoid adverse effects - licensing and regulation in place to reduce point source pollution. Shift to more sustainable methods of waste management should reduce adverse effects of landfill and incineration on air and water.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

+

Shift towards methods including composting and anaerobic digestion should contribute positively to soil quality.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+/++?

Key driver behind this part of the NPF - includes strong positive commitment to achieving a shift in waste management facilities to meet recycling targets and provide an accessible network of facilities which reduces the need to transport waste. Further benefits might accrue if NPF were able to make specific commitments to new facilities at a regional scale.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

0

No significant effects on the historic built environment or cultural heritage are anticipated.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

-?

Potential for cumulative effects on landscape, depending on the number, scale, location and siting of new facilities

Potential landscape or visual impacts arising from new infrastructure requires project-level mitigation / further consideration within development plans and through development management.

Contribute to the reduction of CO ₂ emissions by reducing the need to travel, promoting modal shift and the development of new technologies. Continue to improve public transport links between the various parts of Scotland to facilitate sustainable business and social travel at least environmental costs. Create places where routine daily needs can be met by walking, cycling or the use of public transport and where the use of cars for short journeys is actively discouraged.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

+

Short to medium term benefits from reduced pollution - longer term benefits of reduced demand for new linear infrastructure.

Secondary impacts arising from reduced emissions and improved water and soil quality.

Reduced road traffic achieved through these measures would benefit biodiversity by reducing air, soil and water pollution. Further benefits might include reduced habitat fragmentation as a result of lower requirements for new road infrastructure.

Promotes human health

+

Health benefits may only become apparent in the longer term. Secondary effects arising from reduced environmental pollution as a result of reduced emissions.

As noted below, the NPF can only focus on achieving a reduction in transport emissions from a land use planning perspective. Despite this, the particular commitment to creating more sustainable settlements where sustainable transport options for short journeys are viable, should provide health benefits by reducing concentrations of transport-related air pollution close to where people live.

Increased walking and cycling within settlements could make a significant positive contribution to health as a result of increased levels of physical activity.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

++

Secondary effects arising from improved transport choices and better accessibility.

An emphasis on sustainable transport could make a significant improvement to quality of life, and be particularly beneficial in relation to some aspects of the environmental justice agenda.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

++

Throughout the NPF an emphasis is placed on the need to link land allocations with accessibility via sustainable modes of transport. Infrastructure developments are identified which aim to ensure settlements, and in particular the cities are well supported by multi-modal transport infrastructure. New development is prioritised where it is most accessible by sustainable modes of transport.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

+

Benefits may only be realised in the long term, given the limited nature of change to date. Positive cumulative effects when combined with emissions reductions from energy and waste sectors.

The NPF is a statement of spatial planning rather than transport policy and its proposals can only make a contribution to reducing emissions from the transport sector from a land use planning perspective. Whilst identification of these priorities, does generally support this objective, wider aspects of the NPF include reiteration of established commitments to road development schemes and an emphasis on connectivity, thereby limiting the potentially positive impacts of this part of the NPF on this environmental objective. However, contributions could be significant given the possible cumulative benefits arising from other emissions reducing proposals for the energy and waste sectors. As noted in the NTSSEA, benefits may be reduced by modal shift generating a certain level of additional road traffic - preventative action was recommended to limit this.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

+

Secondary effects

Sustainable transport options should provide benefits for the water environment, particularly by reducing diffuse pollution from road traffic and highways maintenance.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

+

Short to longer term benefits

Short to medium term benefits for soils as a result of reduced emissions from transport sector. Longer term benefits arising from reduced need for additional road infrastructure.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+

The policy aims to promote more sustainable transport systems complemented by appropriate land use decisions. Although much of the transport section focuses on promoting more sustainable modes of transport, the NPF also recognises that this may be less realistic outside of urban areas, requiring innovative approaches to sustainable development in rural areas. Car use is relatively high in rural Scotland, and lack of availability of public transport tends not to be a barrier to recruitment. ¹⁰¹

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

+

Benefits likely to arise in longer term.

Could provide longer term benefits for cultural heritage resources if it ultimately leads to reduced demand for additional road transport infrastructure, which in turn can have detrimental effects on archaeology and the wider built environment.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

+

Benefits likely to arise in longer term

As above - modal shift and sustainable transport options should reduce pressure for road transport infrastructure in the future, which in turn could lead to reduced risk of adverse effects on already vulnerable landscape resources.

Presumption against centralisation of core hospital services.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

0

No significant effects anticipated

Promotes human health

++

Policy driven by the need to provide accessible health services for the whole population.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

++

May deliver significant benefits in relation to quality of life. Improved accessibility and reduced transport costs would be particularly beneficial for those at most risk of social exclusion and geographic marginalisation.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

++

Policy commitment is in line with more general aspirations for sustainable settlement patterns which accommodate people's employment, education, social and health needs close to where they live. Further work required at development planning and management levels to ensure any new facilities are appropriately sited and designed to be resilient to the future effects of climate change in order to fully realise these potential benefits.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

+

Secondary effects arising from reduced transport requirements

Centralisation of health services could increase need for patient, staff and visitor travel, with this resulting in increased emissions. Decentralised facilities could be more accessible by sustainable modes of transport, given shorter travel distances. Green travel plans and sustainable transport facilities should help to maximise these benefits.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

0

No significant effects anticipated.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

0

No significant effects anticipated.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+

Possibly particular benefits for peripheral and rural communities where potential centralisation of facilities is of concern.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

0

No significant effects anticipated.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

0

No significant effects anticipated.

Creating the right environment for private and public investment in communities, targeting action in most disadvantaged communities and devolving power to the local level.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

0

No significant effects anticipated.

Promotes human health

++

Benefits may only emerge over the longer term. Synergistic effects arising for health, where deprivation and quality of life are improving.

Likely to be beneficial in relation to those with greatest needs, as a result of the close relationship between social and economic deprivation and poor health.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

++

This is the key driver of the policy. Particular focus on most disadvantaged communities should ensure that potential benefits of regeneration are maximised.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

+

Should be mutually beneficial aim, with regeneration taking sustainable settlement patterns further, as far as possible. Work required in development plans to ensure community investment also delivers on environmental sustainability, and makes use of and improves existing infrastructure as far as possible. General thinking on climate change tends to work on the basis of locally-defined measures being more effective in achieving sustainable adaptation responses.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

0

No significant effects anticipated.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

0

No significant effects anticipated, although may be scope for indirect benefits arising from an emphasis on environmental justice. Possibility of SUDS requiring more strategic support to ensure it is delivered as an integral part of local regeneration plans and projects ¹⁰².

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

0

No significant effects anticipated.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+

Should provide benefits in relation to remediation of derelict land which can often be concentrated close to where most deprived communities live. ¹⁰³

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

0

No significant effects anticipated as a direct result of this part of NPF.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

+/-?

Secondary effects?

Potential for secondary benefits for landscape arising from an integrated approach to regeneration targeting areas of with high levels of social exclusion, as these may often also have concentrations of neglected and unattractive open space and poor landscape settings. Possibility of lack of public understanding of landscape vulnerability and development impacts, and local fragmentation may lead to negative effects on landscapes. Research suggests that public acceptance of poor quality design and lack of commitment to maintaining local distinctiveness has already played a role in undermining landscape quality. ¹⁰⁴

Reflecting the proposed aspiration goal within the Housing Green Paper to increase the rate of new housing built substantially. The NPF proposes new housing provision to be located in and around existing settlements where possible, using brownfield land and minimising commuting. Also notes the potential for the creation of a new stand alone settlement and states that proposals for new 'exemplar communities' (defined by a range of sustainability based criteria) are being sought.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

-

Risk of negative effects likely to grow in longer term as best sites in environmental terms are used up. Cumulative effects as a result of scale of development.

Potential for adverse effects arising from increased land take for housing development. Emphasis on a positively planned approach should mitigate / avoid adverse effects to a certain extent. Actual impacts will require further management at a settlement and more localised scale.

Promotes human health

+/-

Secondary effects

Potential secondary health and wellbeing benefits as a result of improved housing stock and better range of choices for communities. Actual effects dependent on choice of sites for development. Potential for adverse effects from land take and construction.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

+/-

Benefits could arise within the short, medium and long term. Secondary disbenefits may arise depending on local level adoption an mitigation

Should result in improved living environments for most communities. Longer term potential negative effects of settlement expansion / large scale development will require management through development plans.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

++/-

A proactively planned approach to housing stock expansion should be achieved within the wider context of sustainable development and infrastructure capacity. Important for development plans to support positive delivery through identification of suitable and sustainable sites. Creation of a new community provides an opportunity to demonstrate innovative ways of delivering sustainable settlement patterns at a strategic scale.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

+/-

New housing stock can build in opportunities for energy efficiency. Housing plans accompanied by a commitment to providing on-site renewable energy generation capacity. Reductions in transport related emissions dependent on achieving sustainable settlement patterns, focusing on securing a modal shift and maintaining compact and accessible communities.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

+/-

Potential for disbenefits to increase into longer term. Secondary effects on flood risk arising from soil sealing. Potential for cumulative impacts of a significant scale given stated targets.

Planned approach should avoid negative effects on water resources, although overall increase in land take will raise pressure in relation to achieving sustainable supplies and drainage. Possible negative effects include those arising from soil sealing and associated flood risk, and morphological change to accommodate large scale developments. Requires positive management through development plans.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

-

Potential for permanent disbenefits to increase into longer term and to be more prevalent in areas where brownfield options are limited.

Increased land take from new development could result in soil sealing, although, where possible, this would be minimised by prioritisation of brownfield sites for redevelopment.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+/-

Support for brownfield sites to accommodate new housing will deliver benefits, although it is unlikely that all new units can be accommodated on such sites. Policy could go further towards rural social and economic development.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

-

Potential for disbenefits to increase into longer term. Potential for cumulative impacts given stated targets.

Potential effects of increased land take to result in loss or damage to archaeological resources. Potential negative effects on quality of historic built environment and setting of key resources. Need for positive management through development plans to ensure mitigation. SHEP1 ¹⁰⁵ emphasises need to ensure that the value of the historic environment is recognised so that it becomes an integral part of any development or regeneration project.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

-/+

Potential for disbenefits to increase into longer term. Potential for cumulative impacts of a significant scale given stated targets. Strategic level landscape mitigation and enhancement required.

Landscape effects will vary depending on choice of sites to accommodate development, and may be reduced to a certain extent by emphasis on developing brownfield sites and sustainable approaches to settlement expansion. Depending on location and design, new settlements could reduce pressure on already vulnerable urban fringe landscapes. Important for positive management through development plans to ensure mitigation. The overall aim should be to deliver high quality settlement expansion which contributes positively to landscape character and visual amenity.

Achieving greater energy efficiency and promoting more dispersed patterns of power and heat generation in order to reduce emissions. An emphasis on community based renewable energy generation, micro renewables and energy efficiency. There is a commitment to building in on site generation, and a more general statement on retrofitting to existing housing. Energy from waste is identified as a potential contributor to more sustainable communities.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

+/-

Long-term benefits with possible shorter term disbenefits. Secondary positive effects from policy - possibly more direct negative effects depending on site level mitigation

Reduction of energy sector green house gas emissions likely to deliver long-term benefits for biodiversity. Potential for localised adverse impacts on habitats and species arising from more widespread domestic take up of microgeneration. Potential for negative effects on biodiversity arising from energy from waste, although these will vary depending on the technologies employed, and localised siting and design issues.

Promotes human health

+

Reduction of energy sector emissions could provide some health benefits. No clear evidence exists about health impacts of energy from waste, and strong environmental safeguards are in place to control potential effects (e.g. emissions from incinerators) - risks are generally considered to be very small.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

+

Overall improvement in living environments and successful climate change mitigation and adaptation might be achieved. Development plans and development management required to manage potential adverse effects of microrenewables in aesthetic terms.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

+

Proposals are intended to contribute to development of more sustainable, self-sufficient communities with appropriate energy infrastructure.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

++

Benefits likely to increase as technologies improve in longer term

Key driver underpinning this policy - likely to help deliver greater energy efficiency, with shift towards renewable power generation also reducing emissions from energy sector. Some questions about the overall sustainability of energy from waste plants, with actual benefits depending on a range of factors including the nature of the input waste and the technology used to convert it into energy. Incineration raises particular questions in terms of emissions, although these would be significantly less problematic than continuing levels of landfill and its associated release of methane.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

0

No significant effects on water resources anticipated.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

-

Potential localised impacts on soil arising from siting of some microrenewable schemes (excavations required etc.) or from energy from waste plant. Energy from waste may provide fewer benefits for soil than other waste management alternatives.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+

Emphasis on community-based renewable energy projects supports rural development, particularly in remoter areas and island communities - although benefits will depend on local implementation.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

-

Cumulative effects on the built environment.

Microrenewable equipment on more domestic properties could have significant negative effects on the historic built environment - site level and technology derived mitigation required.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

0

No significant effects anticipated.

Links between the economy and academia, including development of rural based institutions such as UHI and the Crichton Campus.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

0

No significant effects anticipated

Promotes human health

0

No significant effects anticipated

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

++

Potential for benefits where such initiatives improve access to education and ultimately better employment for excluded or marginalised groups. Such institutions have a key role to play in creating more sustainable communities capable of retaining their population, thereby supporting local services and contributing to overall quality of life.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

0

No significant effects anticipated.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

+

Potential for local or remote learning opportunities to make a small contribution to reducing transport emissions by reducing travel distance.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

0

No significant effects anticipated.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

0

No significant effects anticipated.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

0

No significant effects anticipated.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

+

Possible role in retaining character of some institutional buildings - e.g. Crichton Campus. Most effects would be relatively localised.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

0

No significant effects anticipated.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

+/-

Impacts extending into long term, both temporary and permanent. Potential secondary benefits for climate change adaptation criterion.

Greenspace enhancement in the area will benefit biodiversity, supporting the Scottish Biodiversity Strategy. An increase in multifunctional greenspace provision is expected, although increased levels of development could result in further decline in semi natural habitats.

Potential indirect support for adaptation to climate change on the basis of improved green networks. There is no explicit reference to, or characterisation of designated sites within the area, leaving them potentially vulnerable to adverse impacts if this section were viewed in isolation.

Promotes human health

+/-

Population level health benefits may not emerge until the longer term, although individual benefits could be achieved in the shorter term. In the long term these may be reduced by further secondary impacts on health arising from potential increase in air pollution.

Green Network improvements will provide greater opportunity for physical activity, reflecting the need to address issues of poor heath in this area. Reclamation of vacant and derelict land will be generally beneficial for health and quality of life.

Air quality problems are concentrated in the Central Belt, and this can have implications for health. Improved transport connectivity by means other than the private car will bring health benefits by reducing air pollution, although to some extent this might be reduced in the longer term by planned road improvements, where they increase capacity. Increasing transport connectivity across the area, environmental improvements and reclamation of vacant and derelict land will assist in reducing established health inequalities by improving access to services and employment.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

++/-?

Direct and indirect benefits for communities, by helping to deliver housing at a strategic scale and reducing economic exclusion. Wider NPF emphasis on sustainable development locations may be undermined by concurrent commitments to road as well as rail improvements.

Regeneration, economic development and provision of new transport and environmental infrastructure will assist in reducing social exclusion, which is heavily concentrated in parts of this area ¹⁰⁶. There is a focus on transport improvements which will support community regeneration. There is explicit support for provision of affordable housing in the Upper Forth and Edinburgh area, where issues with affordable housing are concentrated. There are proposals for wider new housing development, and NPF notes that some of these needs will be met through the redevelopment of land around Granton and Leith, the sustainable urban village at Finnieston and Ferry Village, but does not go as far as clarifying how the capacity of these areas relates to the proposed housing requirements. This therefore requires further consideration at the strategic development plan level.

As with other parts of the NPF, there is relatively strong support for sustainable economic development. Enhancements to transport infrastructure, environmental improvements and reclamation of vacant and derelict land will support investment in areas where economic and employment need is greatest. Transport proposals include road improvements which may reduce congestion, but could also encourage economic development which relies road-based connections.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

+/-

Short, medium and long term impacts, with the latter particularly arising in relation to links with climate change.

Environmental infrastructure and road, rail and port infrastructure improvements are supported, in order to help facilitate development. There is some reference to climate change (specifically in relation to Grangemouth), but this should also be incorporated in relation to other locational choices and be part of the consideration of capacity to accommodate future development and areas of economic growth. The development of the green network and wider environmental improvements will increase the extent and benefits provided by networks of green space.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

+/-

Potential short to medium term benefits, leading to possible longer term disbenefits?

Support for road, rail and port improvements will increase the accessibility of areas for future development, but this may include less sustainable transport options, reducing benefits in relation to emissions. The development of Edinburgh trams, ferry and hovercraft crossings of the Clyde and Forth and rail improvements will assist in reducing transport emissions. Whilst congestion may reduce in the short to medium term, in the longer term increased capacity may in turn increase levels of vehicle use and an emphasis on connectivity may generate a greater numbers of journeys. There is no reference to energy generation or efficiency specifically in relation to this area - work undertaken at the strategic level of planning to identify capacity for such developments explores capacity and potential in more detail. ¹⁰⁷

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

-/+?

Requires further consideration in light of inclusion of GSDP as national development - potential cumulative benefits overall. Timescale of effects dependent on the ultimate pace of development.

The level of development proposed is likely to result in impacts on water quality, reducing positive links with RBMPs. Increased levels of development will result in an increase in levels of diffuse pollution which can be mitigated by development in accordance with SUDS principles, although there is presently no specific reference to this within this section. The Clyde flood management strategy will assist in protecting the Clyde Waterfront area, although this is focused on hard river defences due to the large land requirements of water storage options upstream, bringing potential, unknown impacts for wider environmental management. No reference is made as to how the water requirements of the proposed developments will be met. Future development of port facilities and waterfront development may increase the levels of water-borne traffic in the sensitive environments of the Forth and Clyde.

Protects of enhances the quality of soils

-

Timescale of effects dependent on the ultimate pace of development.

The high levels of proposed development will result in soil sealing, although this is minimised as a result of an emphasis on brownfield site redevelopment.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+

Impacts may be temporary or permanent. Possible secondary (temporary) implications of remediation on other environmental aspects.

Carbon capture may be a secondary benefit of strategic green network enhancement, but is not specifically referred to in relation to this area. No reference is made to waste management facilities within the region: this is explored further within the Area Waste Plans within this region, which identify the requirements for new facilities and notes the need for substantial change to achieve a shift away from current practice to more sustainable resource management ¹⁰⁸. There is strong support for the redevelopment of derelict and contaminated land - reflecting the relatively high concentrations of such land within the area ¹⁰⁹. No specific reference is made to the rural areas of the Central Belt - increased connectivity is likely to focus development on the urban areas, but to some extent this may also reduce some aspects of relative rural marginalisation. The proposed transport improvements include road, rail and ports to support modal shift as far as is possible within the scope of the NPF.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

-

Potential permanent loss of or damage to cultural heritage resources from the short to long term

Although the importance of the Clyde's maritime heritage is recognised, the value of wider landscapes and townscapes is not. Proposed levels of development and redevelopment could put pressure on known and unknown, designated and undesignated heritage resources.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

-

Potential for cumulative effects arising from development around central belt settlements.

There is no explicit recognition of the character or value of the landscape setting of existing settlements. The environmental quality of Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park is recognised, alongside the importance of the Clyde's maritime heritage. Possible impacts of urban expansion and development on the wider landscape resource are uncertain, although this tends to have been explored in more detail at the strategic planning level, particularly within green belt reviews ¹¹⁰

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

+/-

Potential for cumulative effects arising due to the scale of the area concerned

The importance of the coast for biodiversity is recognised and the need for the conservation and sensitive management of these assets is noted, supporting habitat and species protection. Many of the coastal and estuarine areas are protected for their biodiversity value and recognition of the value of these environmental assets will ensure their protection and enhancement. Policy could be improved by also making reference to the potential impacts of climate change on this area, taking into account opportunities for improving habitat networks and connectivity.

Promotes human health

+

Secondary health benefits arising from regeneration and improvement in quality of life of deprived communities. Health effects may only emerge in the longer term.

There is some support for enhancing recreational provision in Aberdeen and recreational opportunities associated with the area's environmental assets. The proposals for this area do not specifically seek to reduce health problems arising from environmental pollution. Road infrastructure improvements which include an increase in capacity will potentially increase levels of road traffic along the east coast, contributing to air pollution associated with the main transport corridors, although to some extent negative effects will be reduced by lower levels of congestion and further rail improvements. Support for regeneration and neighbourhood renewal will assist in reducing established health inequalities.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

++

Relatively strong emphasis on these criteria - providing primary benefits that should be permanent and extend into the long term.

Regeneration and neighbourhood renewal will help to reduce social exclusion. Road and rail improvements are proposed, but the extent to which they will support community regeneration is uncertain. The role of this area in providing land for new and affordable housing is not made explicit. Investment in road, rail and port improvements will facilitate economic development, although this may also encourage economic development which relies on road-based connections. The aims of regeneration in Dundee and environmental enhancement in Dundee and Aberdeen will support economic opportunities within these areas.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

+/-

Possible for long term issues arising from lack of consideration of capacity for sustainable development in light of climate change.

Whilst there is recognition of the quality of the landscapes in this area, little specific guidance on sustainable settlement expansion is specifically provided. There is support for developing offshore and renewable energy capacity and improved road and rail links, and also development of the ports of Montrose and Peterhead, reflecting wider commitments to sustainable economic development. The issue of climate change adaptation is not raised, although transport and coastal developments may be vulnerable to sea level rise, increased storm surges etc ¹¹¹. Coastal flood risk, and options for management which provide secondary benefits for biodiversity, should be considered further at a strategic level to ensure proposals are robust in relation to climate change. There is support for the conservation and management of the environmental assets of the area and for developing leisure, recreation and tourism in association with these.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

++/-

Potential significant benefits in the short to medium term, although road-related benefits may reduce or become negative in the longer term.

Future development is focused on existing settlements and transport improvements of railways and at ports will provide access by relatively sustainable modes, reducing the requirement for road-based transport. Road improvements may reduce congestion but ultimately increase levels of vehicle use and increased connectivity may generate a requirement for greater numbers of journeys. Development of renewable energy and clean energy technologies will also contribute to achieving CO ₂ emissions, and particular emphasis is placed on achieving this in Fife and Aberdeen.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

-

Timescale of effects dependent on the ultimate pace of development.

There is no specific reference to the water environment or flooding. Increased levels of development may result in increased diffuse pollution of the water environment, which can be mitigated to an extent by development in accordance with SUDS principles. Further reference to particular issues with flood risk at Perth might be beneficial, as well as further exploration of long-term flood risk management. There is a focus on port development at Montrose and Peterhead, and also offshore renewable energy development. These developments will have impacts on the marine environment and coastal waters which should be assessed further at the development plan and individual project level. Other issues raised in the SWMI Report for the Scotland River Basin District should be taken into account. ¹¹²

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

-

Timescale of effects dependent on the ultimate pace of development. Permanent impacts on the soil environment, which may cumulatively result in synergistic effects in relation to water and biodiversity.

Development proposals will result in soil sealing, particularly in light of a relatively lower amount of brownfield land available for redevelopment.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+

Secondary effects for rural areas of proposed leisure and tourism developments

No specific reference is made to carbon capture, minerals or waste management in this area. Some of the proposed regeneration and development in Dundee, Fife and Aberdeen will take place on reclaimed land. The environmental assets of the area and leisure, recreation and tourism opportunities associated with them provide opportunities for supporting rural development. The proposed transport improvements will provide limited benefits for rural areas, and the improved connectivity of the urban areas may further increase issues of rural peripherality.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

+/-

Potential permanent loss of, or damage to, archaeological remains arising from development.

There is no reference to archaeological features. The attractive historic burghs and fishing villages are recognised as an asset, and their conservation and sensitive management is supported.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

+/-

Potential effects in the long term, with cumulative impacts.

The landscape value of the farming landscapes is recognised as an environmental asset for conservation and sensitive management. However the management of change and particular needs of sensitive landscape areas is not addressed.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

0

Potential for general support for biodiversity to become undermined in the long term. Possible cumulative / synergistic effects in growth areas arising from interaction of development and climate change have not yet been fully addressed.

Identifies the environmental value of the area's assets but does not explicitly support protection and enhancement. No specific reference to the importance of natural heritage designations within this area. There is no explanation of how the wider proposals for development interact with these resources, although this has been explored in detail as part of the A96 masterplanning exercise which included an SEA¹¹³. Development will nevertheless incur a loss of greenfield land. Makes reference to climate change in relation to coastal flooding, but does not refer to the need to increase the robustness of existing habitat networks and improving connectivity, beyond general support for green infrastructure forming part of settlement expansion areas.

Promotes human health

+

Secondary benefits of connectivity and masterplanning improving access to health services.

The development of the tourism and leisure economy will provide opportunities for increasing levels of physical activity. Although environmental pollution is not a major issue for this area, main transport routes around Inverness and the A9 corridor do raise some issues, to which increased economic development may contribute further, but this is unlikely to be of a significant enough level to generate related health concerns. There is support for improving transport links for the island communities and further development of community enterprise which will assist in improving access to services and community health. The A96 masterplan includes provision for new health facilities.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

+/++

Emphasis on positive but sustainable development should provide long-term benefits.

Social and rural economic deprivation is an issue in some parts of the Highlands and Islands - proposals to improve connectivity will help to address this at a strategic level. Support for transport improvements including access to island communities will assist with processes of community regeneration. However, in some areas, this could also encourage economic development which is reliant on road-based connections. Affordable housing is not specifically addressed - although this is relevant to rural Scotland as a whole. The development of a new settlement at Tornagrain, expansion of Nairn, development to the east of Inverness and at Whitecross could help to secure an appropriate supply of land for future development. Caithness and the islands, where economic and employment need are greatest, are targeted for investment. Improved communications for the islands is identified particularly in relation to the Shetland Islands, Orkney and the Outer Hebrides.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

+

Primary and secondary benefits arising from a planned approach to strategic settlement expansion.

The A96 corridor, including a new settlement at Tornagrain, forms a focus for future development. This has been proactively masterplanned, and this in turn has been subjected to an SEA. This will assist in protecting the wider landscape from development. Water and drainage infrastructure improvements are proposed, along with development of ports and sites in the Inner Moray Firth. The development of a sub-sea interconnector will also ensure future energy transmission infrastructure. There is recognition of the need to protect communities, habitats and archaeological sites from coastal flooding, although this does not go as far as also providing guidance on the longer term need for climate change adaptation. Green infrastructure is proposed as part of the new settlement development, and within the masterplan for the A96 corridor. Otherwise, green networks have less of a role to play in this area because of a more dispersed settlement pattern.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

+/-

Cumulative impacts from renewable energy could be generated in the short to medium term. Secondary temporary and permanent effects on local environmental resources potentially arising from general commitment to renewable energy.

The focus of development along the A96 corridor will help to limit a predicted increase in travel distance by integrating proposals with rail transport network and building in walking and cycling networks ¹¹⁴. The development of the ports and sites around the Inner Moray Firth will also provide water based transport links, although their benefits may be reduced by an associated increase in road-based traffic. The development of renewable energy schemes will help to reduce CO ₂ emissions: energy generation projects include marine energy, wind energy and energy from waste. The further development of North Atlantic oil and gas reserves could have a negative impact on air quality and emissions reductions targets.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

-

Some potential temporary negative effects into the short to medium term should be reduced in the longer term as water infrastructure development and associated environmental management come on stream.

Development along the A96 corridor has the potential to contribute to increased levels of diffuse pollution and put pressure on water supply and drainage infrastructure. However, the masterplanning process has fully taken this into account and no significant adverse effects are anticipated as a result of major infrastructure investment and development phasing and mitigation. In broader terms, within NPF there is no reference to the water environment of this specific area, other than the marine environment. The need to protect communities, habitats and archaeological sites from coastal flooding is identified, although NPF could go further in explaining the ways in which this might be achieved. The development of ports and sites around the Inner Moray Firth, Cromarty Firth, Stornoway Western Harbour, the development of a container transhipment terminal, marine energy development and a sub-sea connector could result in cumulative impacts on the marine environment, including disturbance to sea mammals and increased risk of pollution of the water environment.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

-

Permanent impacts arising in the short to medium term - timing dependent on pace of development.

The high levels of development proposed along the A96 will result in soil sealing, although this has been minimised as far as possible and should be compensated for to a degree by strategic green network protection and enhancement planned as an integral part of the development.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

++/--

Potential for medium term temporary adverse effects on sustainable waste management, if wider policies do not progress provision of appropriate new facilities.

NPF notes that Lerwick's energy from waste district heating scheme assists in reducing waste going to landfill, but makes no other reference to waste, and this has also not been achieved within strategic development proposals for the area. Derelict and contaminated land is not a significant challenge within this area, although proposals include the reuse of previous oil and gas facilities for energy-related development. Much of the strategic settlement expansion will take place on previously undeveloped land. Improved connectivity to the islands should support sustainable rural development and help to address some aspects of rural marginalisation. The port developments and deep water facilities will support the use of more sustainable modes of transport, but the enhanced connectivity may also result in an parallel increase in journey distance.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

-

Possible permanent negative effects, with timing dependent on pace of development. Significant impacts are being avoided or mitigated within strategic development masterplans.

The value of the archaeological sites is recognised as important to the area and also to the economy and there is recognition of the value of the wider heritage resource, but there is no explicit reference to the need to protect it, or possible pressures arising from strategic development proposals. Development has the potential to result in losses or damage to archaeological sites, and negative effects on the setting of historic buildings and townscape. To some extent, this is being considered in more detail within masterplans for major developments, including the plans for the A96 corridor, but it should also form a focus within environmental assessment of relevant strategic and local development plans.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

0

Potential for permanent long term impacts on landscape, particularly within areas where major development is planned.

There is recognition of the value of the landscape in general terms, but no explicit advice is provided on the need to protect the character of existing settlements. NPF does not consider the potential landscape effects of strategic developments. However, this is addressed in development plans and has been considered in detail as an integral part of masterplanning for the A96 corridor, with mitigation includes protection of key views and safeguarding of important landscape features from development. As with cultural heritage, development plan assessments complement this by exploring the implications of strategic settlement expansion on landscape resources.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

+

Potential for long term cumulative benefits arising from large scale woodland habitat restoration.

There is no specific reference to sites with special biodiversity protected status, or guidance on how they will be safeguarded in light of the proposals. There is a broader focus on environmental enhancement, particularly through woodland planting which will support conservation and enhancement at a wider scale, and help to conserve semi-natural habitats. This will also help to provide enhanced habitat networks and improved connectivity to support species adaptation to climate change. It is important to ensure that woodland planting and restructuring are undertaken in a way which recognises and protects other habitats, including moorland areas.

Promotes human health

+

Largely secondary health benefits arising from wider environmental and economic improvements, becoming more apparent in the longer term.

Regeneration and enhancement of environmental quality, including the provision of multi-purpose woodlands will assist in creating further opportunities for physical activity. Reclamation of the former mining areas of East Ayrshire will also enhance environmental quality. The regeneration of Kilmarnock and Irvine Bay, enhanced road and rail connectivity and environmental improvements will improve environmental quality and access to services, helping to address health inequalities.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

+

Generally positive cumulative benefits arising from development proposals and environmental improvements.

The regeneration of Kilmarnock and Irvine Bay, along with transport improvements, will help to reduce social exclusion by providing greater access to jobs and services. Enhanced road and rail connections are supported, although the extent to which they will support community regeneration is unclear. Land supply for large scale new housing development is not a major issue for this area, limiting the need to assist with identifying strategic sites for housing development. Enhanced transport connections by road, rail, and connections to the airport and ports will support economic development and regeneration. However increased economic activity may also result in greater levels of movements of goods and people, providing disbenefits for other environmental objectives. Investment is targeted in Kilmarnock and Irvine Bay which are areas with economic and employment need.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

0/+

Generally minor positive cumulative effects, occurring over the long term.

Large scale settlement expansion is not a major challenge for this area - development is focused around regeneration of existing settlements, which is implicitly more sustainable. Improvements to transport infrastructure will support future economic development and environmental improvements appear to be part of the overall development principle for the area. There are proposals for new development along the coast including residential development around Irvine harbour and a new marina at Ardrossan, but no recognition of the potential impacts of climate change on the area. Environmental enhancements, including new woodland planting which provides a range of benefits for communities, are proposed for the area.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

+/-

Both positive and negative long term impacts on emissions targets.

NPF recognises that the improved rail links to Kilmarnock acted as a catalyst for new development. The areas proposed for future economic development are located along the coast and are largely served by rail, although NPF also supports wider improvements to connectivity, including by road. Similarly, new rail facilities at Barrhead will support a reduction in CO ₂ emissions from timber transport, however further economic development will be supported by both road and rail links. The area has potential for renewable energy development including biomass production which will assist in achieving a reduction in CO ₂ emissions from the energy sector. Economic development based on the airport, ports, and rail and road improvement will potentially generate further transport-based emissions.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

0/-

Potential for negative effects on the coast and marine environment in the long term

There is no reference to the specific character or constraints of the local water environment. The development proposals may lead to diffuse pollution to water bodies, although overall levels are relatively low and should therefore be manageable. No reference is made to flooding, although in the long term coastal flooding may become a more significant issue as a result of climate change. Increased use of the coast for leisure and economic development could impact on the marine environment due toincreased levels of disturbance and risk of pollution.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

-/+

Long term effects. Negative effects would be permanent in most cases.

The regeneration and proposed economic development will result in some soil sealing due to land take. Landscape enhancements, including woodland planting may result in improvements to soil quality, particularly where this occurs in the former mining landscapes.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+/-

Secondary benefits in relation to carbon sequestration. Potential temporary impacts on waste management objectives, if appropriate new facilities cannot be delivered. Long term issues in relation to achieving a modal shift.

Although carbon capture is not a specific aim, plans for new woodland planting will contribute to this. There is no specific reference to waste management, although this is largely deliverable through area waste plans at this scale. Environmental improvements to the former mining areas of East Ayrshire are proposed, potentially leading to improvements to currently derelict land. The area's coalfield communities are particularly vulnerable as a result of major economic decline, and NPF aims to support wider regeneration plans by supporting strategic level environmental improvements. Although the improved transport connectivity may go some way towards reducing rural marginalisation, the extent to which this will assist in addressing some of the issues faced by the rural areas of Ayrshire is unclear . Rail improvements and port development will support a shift towards sustainable modes of transport, but their benefits may be undermined by the less sustainable plans for airport and road improvements.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

0

Possible long-term permanent loss of heritage resources, if not appropriately safeguarded.

The role of architectural and cultural heritage resources in providing an attractive environment for supporting leisure and tourism is recognised, particularly in relation to the south western area, but their protection and enhancement is not explicitly supported. Potential for wider environmental enhancement, including tree planting, to have adverse effects on known and unknown archaeological resources, requiring adherence to good practice guidelines. Proposals for environmental improvement in and around coalfield communities should respect industrial heritage resources, for example by avoiding obscuring views of mining relics.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

+/-

Potential for long term permanent improvements in landscape character, arising from enhancement projects. Possible cumulative adverse effects as a result of certain types of development, requiring appropriate mitigation.

Although environmental enhancement is a key aim for the area, this will require careful landscape management to ensure appropriate measures are used to reflect the varying landscape characteristics of the area - e.g. avoiding woodland planting on plateau moorlands, woodland restructuring to address previously unsympathetic approaches to plantation forestry, reinforcing river valley structures etc (Already addressed in the Ayrshire Wooodland Strategy). NPF particularly recognises the need to improve the environmental quality of the former mining areas of East Ayrshire - these are often set within moorland, which in turn requires sensitive management ¹¹⁵. Key sources of landscape effects in the area include renewable energy schemes, forestry operations and woodland expansion. The area's geological diversity is also well documented, and should be reflected in landscape scale approaches to environmental enhancement.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

+

Secondary benefits of environmental enhancement for biodiversity. Potential adverse effects on some habitats arising from economic development.

NPF supports expansion of native woodlands and the restoration of floodplain habitats which will assist with the protection of priority habitats and species. Greater levels of development may result in some loss of semi-natural habitats, but this is compensated for to a degree by plans for the expansion of native woodlands and the restoration of floodplain habitats which will create new areas of semi-natural habitat. There is no specific recognition of the value of the designated sites within this area, but the value of the environment in contributing to the economic development and recreation and tourism is recognised. The impacts of climate change on biodiversity are not explicitly recognised, but the expansion of native woodland and restoration of floodplain habitats will assist in providing habitat networks which will support adaptation to climate change.

Promotes human health

+

Secondary long-term benefits arising from wider environmental improvements.

The development of further recreational resources for outdoor leisure activities (e.g. community woodlands) will provide greater opportunities for physical activity. Health in this area is generally good, but improved transport links will enhance access to services, education and employment.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

+

Secondary benefits for population arising from regeneration and settlement expansion. Potential for ongoing timber transport problems.

Affordable housing issues arising in this area are not specifically addressed in this section, although the Borders area is expected to accommodate significant levels of new development, and a proportion of this is likely to be designated as affordable. Improved transport links to the area including the Borders railway will support economic development. The nature of the proposed timber transport infrastructure requirements is not fully specified - their sustainability may be mixed. Investment is targeted in the market towns and regeneration areas of Dumfries, Stranraer, Gretna - Lockerbie - Annan area.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

+

Generally positive support for the principle of building climate change mitigation and adaptation into long- term settlement expansion.

The provision of water and drainage infrastructure to accommodate the new development associated with the Borders railway line is prioritised, reducing potential adverse effects on the water environment, but also requiring further assessment at a project level. The restoration of floodplain habitats will help the area to adapt to changes in the severity and frequency of flood events, although NPF could go further to raise the challenge of climate change adaptation in relation to the built environment. The development of new community woodlands will provide recreational greenspace, but the NPF may overlook opportunities to increase the benefits of greenspaces within settlements by increasing their recreational use and habitat value.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

+

Potential for particular benefits arising from close links between sustainable transport corridors and settlement growth, extending into long term.

The reopening of the Borders rail line will help to reduce road traffic volumes ¹¹⁶, although in the long term associated settlement expansion could result in greater levels of travel overall. The settlement expansion will take place in close association with the rail transport improvements, providing a relatively sustainable land use option. The renewable energy generating potential of the area is recognised generally, but no specific proposals are promoted to help realise this potential.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

+

Potential for short to medium term temporary adverse effects to be replaced by longer term benefits as natural approaches to water and flood management take effect.

The economic value of the water bodies within the area is recognised in relation to fisheries and tourism. Reference is made to the restoration of floodplain habitats which will assist in managing water quality and help to address flood management problems in the area. NPF would potentially benefit from a more general commitment to safeguarding water quality in order to ensure that proposals for the area support the RBMP process ¹¹⁷. Increased levels of development and increased water demand will put pressure on the water environment, but this has been recognised within plans for substantial investment in water and drainage infrastructure. Such infrastructure could, however, have wider implications for the natural environment. Settlement expansion may lead to an increase in levels of diffuse pollution which can be mitigated by development in accordance with SUDS principles.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

-

Permanent effects

The settlement expansion in the Borders will result in soil sealing as a result of the development of green field sites.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+/-

Secondary benefits of woodland expansion in terms of carbon capture. Possible temporary negative effects on waste management, if appropriate facilities cannot be delivered on time.

The expansion of native woodland will assist in carbon capture. No reference is made in this section to the protection of mineral resources or waste disposal. Derelict and contaminated land is not a key issue in this area. The enhanced connectivity of the area, investment in the Market Towns, education and economic development opportunities will support sustainable rural development. The improved connectivity of the area will potentially assist in reducing issues of rural marginalisation, although the extent to which the transport improvements will benefit the more peripheral rural areas is uncertain. The development of the Borders rail line will support a significant modal shift in the area from road to rail travel.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

+/-

Generally positive effects on historic townscapes could be undermined by permanent damage to, or loss of archaeological resources as a result of larger scale development proposals, including on greenfield sites.

Although the value of the wider cultural heritage of the area is recognised, there is no explicit commitment to protection and enhancement of these features in this section. The heritage value of the townscapes is recognised and the Market Towns Investment Programme for the towns of the Borders and Dumfries and Galloway will support the development of attractive townscape environments. Potential for adverse effects on the setting of historic buildings and cultural landscapes which will require careful management at the development planning and proposals stages.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

+/-

Potential for cumulative adverse effects arising from large scale development proposals.

The quality of the landscapes of the area is not explicitly recognised. The potential impacts of the proposed settlement expansion and transport infrastructure improvements on the landscape value of the area are not anticipated or addressed. Key influences on upland landscapes are expected to include continuing demand for new wind farm sites, agricultural restructuring and the need to support sustainable rural development. ¹¹⁸ whilst the lower lying areas require integrated catchment management planning, and careful siting and design of built development adjacent to settlements.

Replacement Forth Crossing ¹¹⁹

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

--?

Project would be progressed rapidly in response to urgency of current problem - resulting in short to long-term effects, some of which may be permanent. Potential for cumulative and synergistic effects when viewed alongside other proposed national developments on the Firth of Forth.

Potential for significant adverse ecological effects. Particular implications with regard to Natura sites on the Firth of Forth and also River Teith SAC, as demonstrated in the scheme SEA. Disturbance of protected species, morphological changes and loss of feeding habitat are all concerns. Potential implications for St. Margaret's Marsh SSSI. Actual impacts dependent on the option which is taken forward - those requiring dredging could provide additional disbenefits as a result of their effects on marine ecosystems. Appropriate assessment required to identify mitigation and / or compensatory measures.

Promotes human health

-/+

Temporary short-term disbenefits, ultimately being replaced by longer term benefits

The replacement crossing is ultimately seeking to reduce road congestion and improve quality of life for people commuting to and from Edinburgh, and the wider population of east central Scotland. Potential for short-term health impacts arising from major construction project, as a result of noise, construction traffic and vibration.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

-/+

Ranging from short to long term. Direct and indirect effects.

As above - potential disbenefits during construction phase being replaced in longer term with more positive benefits for local communities. Actual impacts also dependent on route and construction option choice. Possible community severance also noted in the SEA for the scheme.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

-/++

Benefits extending into medium term as construction is completed.

The crossing would primarily accommodate road transport, and would therefore be at odds with the objective of reducing road-borne commuting. It would, however, meet a demonstrated need to maintain transport infrastructure of national significance - providing wider infrastructure benefits in terms of connectivity on the east coast.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

+/-?

Potential for longer term disbenefits in relation to transport sector emissions?

The project-specific SEA concludes that the scheme might produce minor benefits in terms of emissions from the transport sector (due to reduced congestion), although these might be undermined by overall energy use generated by the project throughout its life cycle, and by potential longer term increases in traffic volumes and travel distance, and this is relevant to the NPF in light of its 2030 timescale. Inclusion of a dedicated public transport lane and other transport management measures could mitigate potential increases in traffic emissions to some extent.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

-

Long term exacerbation of flood risk compounded by climate change. Synergistic in relation to biodiversity.

The SEA of the scheme predicts generally minor adverse impacts on the water environment arising from associated traffic impacts. Potentially adverse effects on flood risk and in terms of diffuse pollution as a result of soil sealing / increased areas of hardstanding. The extent to which climate change and possible long-term coastal erosion have been built into the project -specific assessment is unclear. Potentially negative effects on the groundwater regime from tunnelling options. Options requiring dredging could be particularly damaging for water quality and would have significant synergistic effects for biodiversity. Actual impacts will be dependent on the option and route chosen.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

--

Particular issues arising in the short term during construction. Impacts on water quality could also have repercussions for biodiversity (see above)

Potentially significant adverse effects for soil (and also geology) predicted with the SEA for the project, as a result primarily of soil sealing but also due to the associated potential for diffuse pollution. Actual impacts will be dependent on the option and route chosen.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

-

Potential loss of agricultural land and demolition of properties required to accommodate some crossing options. Likely to produce disbenefits in relation to the waste hierarchy, given resource requirements and potential construction methods. Recycling opportunities could be increased through climate change driven mitigation - e.g. use of recycled materials in construction.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

--

Loss of / damage to historic resources would be permanent

Potential for significant adverse effects on archaeology and nationally important sites, although these will depend to an extent on the option and route chosen. Important to recognise the protected status of the existing bridges - any development of this scale and in this location will affect their setting.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

--

significant short-term effects during construction, with longer term impacts varying between route and construction options.

Tunnel options are likely to perform better in relation to landscape resources. Existing bridges are noted in landscape characterisation as iconic nationally recognised views - reflecting landscape sensitivity to further development. Any option may affect views into and out of landscapes which are designated for local protection including Dalmeny and Hopetoun House Inventory listed Garden and Designed Landscape. High quality design response required to mitigate potentially adverse landscape and visual impacts.

Edinburgh Airport Enhancement to 2030 ¹²⁰

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

-

Largely secondary effects given relative lack of protected habitats in the vicinity of the development, although potential for some direct loss of habitats.

Loss of semi-natural habitats possible in the long term - green field land is being safeguarded for future development. Potential secondary effects arising from increased air transport emissions, water quality reduction and impact on soils. Addressing flooding issues my offer opportunities to enhance habitats.

Promotes human health

-

Secondary effects of a minor scale

Potential issues arising where the development will lead to expansion of the airport capacity, increasing frequency of flights and potentially increasing associated environmental health issues including noise and air pollution.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

++/-

Cumulative effects likely when full extent of development components considered together.

Potential for both positive and negative effects on quality of life for different parts of the community. Significant positive economic effects, with potential secondary effects for quality of life. No significant benefits in relation to people who are currently suffering from deprivation, although an increase in economic prosperity could lead to long-term benefits for the Central Belt as a whole. Further mitigation of development proposals to avoid further erosion of green belt and its contribution to the setting and quality of environment of West Edinburgh.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

+/-

Medium to long-term disbenefits arising from erosion of the green belt.

Aims to achieve planned development which will relieve pressure for growth on other parts of the city and link economic development with transport accessibility. Further consideration of potential need to take into account changing environmental capacity arising from climate change (particularly flood risk) would be beneficial to ensure development can be achieved without catchment wide impacts (see water below).

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

--/-?

Depend on actual construction of additional runway / future expanded capacity which may not arise until the medium to long term. Secondary effects arising from increased emissions on other environmental resources.

Airport expansion is at odds with the objective of achieving a reduction in transport sector emissions. Government policy focuses at present on reducing emissions through fiscal measures and improvements in transport technology across modes ¹²¹. Disbenefits would be reduced to an extent by improved access to the airport by public transport and the aspiration to reduce congestion through transport infrastructure upgrades and locating economic growth area close to airport. The WEPFSEA predicted that air quality would improve in West Edinburgh, but that an AQMA in the West of the City would not show any particular benefit from the development proposals.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

--

Need to take a long-term perspective on current and prospective flood risk, informed by climate change predictions and their implications for catchment-level flood risk. Cumulative effects of development components in on floodplain functionality.

WEPFSEA raised concerns about development in relation to Gogar Burn. Alteration of River Almond and effects on functionality of River Almond Floodplain are also potentially significant issues for the local water environment. Continuation of catchment wide integrated planning required to manage this in a sustainable way, and there is also a need to view potential longer term capacity in light of climate change. Potential for any associated infrastructure upgrades or increase in areas of hardstanding to lead to further diffuse pollution.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

-

Depends on the pace of growth envisaged - negative effects may not arise until the medium to longer term

Soil sealing will inevitably take place where previously undeveloped land is developed.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

-

The development would largely take place on green field land, and would therefore be at odds with objectives relating to reuse of brownfield land, vacant and derelict land remediation etc.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

-

The WEPFSEA noted some potential effects on cultural heritage resources, including a SAM and listed building, and proposed mitigation to avoid direct effects on them as a result. However, the wider cultural value of the landscape within which Edinburgh is set would be vulnerable to the development, and loss of green field land would have implications for known and unknown archaeological resources.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

--

This part of the Edinburgh Greenbelt is already partly defined by major transport infrastructure, but nevertheless makes an important contribution to the city's overall setting. Further loss of greenfield land could lead to erosion of some important aspects of landscape character.

Glasgow Airport Enhancement to 2030

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

-?

Negative effects would be long term as designation primarily safeguards land for future development. Possible direct implications for Natura protected site.

Potential effects from further expansion on the nearby Black Cart SPA and in particular Whooper Swans are already well documented, but would require further consideration as specific locational details began to emerge. Innovative mitigation measures to manage protected birds and their habitats might need to be extended further to accommodate future development. Loss of further greenfield land would be negative for biodiversity more generally.

Promotes human health

-

Secondary effects of a minor scale

Potential issues arising where development will lead to expansion of airport capacity, increasing frequency of flights and potentially exacerbating associated environmental health issues, including noise and air pollution.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

++/-

Development seeks to make a significant positive contribution to economic development, thereby contributing to quality of life. Potential for negative effects as a result of loss of greenbelt and general environmental impacts, including noise and disturbance.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

-

Negative effects would be long term as designation primarily safeguards land for future development.

Loss of green belt land would detract from benefits of the designation, particularly for nearby communities Surface transport infrastructure improvements would provide a relatively sustainable solution, limiting potential for congestion and implications for air quality.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

-

Airport expansion is at odds with objectives that seek to achieve a reduction in transport sector emissions. Government policy focuses on reducing emissions through fiscal measures and improvements in transport technology across modes ¹²².Disbenefits reduced to an extent by improvements in access to airport by public transport ( GARL) and aspiration to reduce congestion through transport infrastructure upgrades.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

-

Negative effects would be long term as designation primarily safeguards land for future development

Potential for flooding issues - also requires further consideration at the more detailed stage of development.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

-

Negative effects would be long term as designation primarily safeguards land for future development. Numerous secondary effects possible as a result of negative effects on soil.

Development will result in loss of soils, soil sealing, and possibly loss of agricultural land, which would in combination reduce the functionality of soil in the area, potentially resulting in secondary effects on other resources such as biodiversity, archaeology and water.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

-

Development would largely take place on greenfield land.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

-

Negative effects would be long term as designation primarily safeguards land for future development.

Potential for loss or damage to archaeological resources. This would require further investigation at a more detailed stage in the development process.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

-

Negative effects would be long term as designation primarily safeguards land for future development

Loss of green belt land would have implications for a landscape that has already been significantly altered by strategic transport infrastructure. This part of the green belt is identified as a sensitive wedge within the overall green network of Glasgow and Clyde Valley. ¹²³

Grangemouth Freight Hub

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

-

Potential for cumulative effects when viewed alongside proposals for Rosyth, and the construction of the Replacement Forth Crossing. Secondary effects potentially arising from coastal defences.

Shipping can have effects on the marine environment, including increased disturbance and pollution. Immediately surrounding area is protected as a Ramsar Site and SSSI .The proposals should also take into account potential effects on the Firth of Forth and Forth Islands SPA and any other nationally and internationally protected sites. Significant intertidal areas (which support high numbers of wintering waterfowl, waders and breeding seabirds) have already been lost as a result of land reclamation, including that undertaken at Grangemouth, and further impacts on this important habitat should be avoided or mitigated to ensure that natural processes, including coastal squeeze, are not exacerbated ¹²⁴.

.

Promotes human health

0

See discussion below regarding emissions and air quality - limited potential for secondary effects on health.

No significant effects anticipated from this development, or the development proposed at Rosyth.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

0

No significant effects on existing or neighbouring communities anticipated given the level of industrial activity in the area at present and the commitment to associated infrastructure improvements. Potential to provide additional employment, offering wider quality of life benefits and potentially affecting currently disadvantaged communities ¹²⁵.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

-/+

Potential secondary effects on biodiversity arising from design and construction of coastal defences.

The area is vulnerable to current and future coastal flooding, and so robustness of the development (including in relation to climate change) would be dependent on improved coastal defences. This could in turn have implications for sensitive coastal habitats and associated protected species.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

-

Short-term effects would be avoided provided that port enhancement is preceded or accompanied by planned infrastructure improvements.

This is already an AQMA - the proposed improvements to transport infrastructure have been designed to reduce congestion, thereby reducing the contribution of road traffic to air pollution - this would potentially provide local benefits. However, increased shipping activity associated with the development, and a potential overall increase in freight movements to and from the port would also generate more emissions locally. Promoting low carbon technology to reduce emissions should be considered. Although shipping is method for transporting freight over long distances with the lowest carbon footprint, it is estimated to account for 1.8 - 3.5% of global carbon emissions, and is a particular source of SO ₂ which in turn contributes to acidification ¹²⁶. It is not possible to quantify net emissions at this stage - this requires further investigation at a later stage of assessment. .

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

-

Potential for cumulative effects in combination with increased shipping activity at Rosyth.

Lowlying coastal location makes Grangemouth vulnerable to coastal flooding and this may become more significant as a result of climate change (increased storm surges etc.) Falkirk Council participates in the Forth Estuary Forum, which produced an integrated coastal management strategy, comprising options to address coastal flooding including managed realignment to the north of the River Carron ¹²⁷. Potential for providing environmentally sustainable coastal management solutions to avoid possible secondary effects on biodiversity and ensure development patterns reflect and respond to climate change (see above). Increased shipping activity likely to result in increased risk of pollution incidents.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

+

Brownfield site redevelopment, with possible remediation resulting in benefits for the soils. Predicted benefits also based on an assumption that no additional soil sealing would occur.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+

Much of the proposed development would take place on previously developed or reclaimed land, therefore making better use of brownfield land and making more efficient use of land within the port boundary.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

-

Possibly short to medium-term permanent effects as a result of infrastructure improvements.

Potential for development, particularly of improved transport infrastructure, may result in adverse effects on some scheduled ancient monuments and listed buildings as well as wider archaeological resources.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

0

Possible minor / neutral effects arising from associated transport infrastructure improvements. Development of the docks is unlikely to result in significant changes to existing landscape character.

Rosyth International Container Terminal

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

-

Dependent on the timescale of the development. Potential to result in permanent effects on protected bird species. Effects direct and secondary (see water below). May be significant when cumulative effects arising from this and other developments on the Forth are taken into account.

Increased shipping activity could lead to a range of effects, particularly disturbance of protected bird species. Pollution risk associated with shipping and wider activities required to facilitate operation of the port (i.e. dredging) could also have implications for marine habitats and species on the Firth of Forth. To the west of the site the intertidal area and coast are protected as Ramsar and SSSI sites and as part of the wider Firth of Forth SPA. To the east of the site lies St. Margaret's Marsh SSSI - potential impacts on this and the adjacent SPAs require further consideration.

Promotes human health

0

No significant effects on health are anticipated.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

+

Possible for short term impacts arising from the construction phase of the development.

No significant effects on existing or neighbouring communities anticipated given the level of port related activity in the area at present and the commitment to associated infrastructure improvements. Potential to provide additional employment, offering wider quality of life benefits and potentially affecting currently disadvantaged communities.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

+

Proposal would lead to infrastructure improvements, ensuring that expansion of the port facilities have no negative implications for transport capacity. Vulnerability to coastal flooding may require further consideration to ensure that climate change is recognised as a long-term influence on development potential.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

-

Dependent on timescale in which shipping activity increases. Secondary implications of air pollution / emissions on wider environmental resources.

Although shipping is the method for transporting freight over long distances with the lowest carbon footprint, it is estimated to account for 1.8 - 3.5% of global carbon emissions. Increased levels of shipping activity associated with the development, and associated overall increase in the freight movements to and from the port would generate more emissions locally. It is not possible to quantify net emissions at this stage - this requires further investigation at a later stage of assessment. Promoting low carbon technology to reduce emissions should be considered further. Prioritisation of low carbon onshore freight options is also important.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

-

Secondary effects on biodiversity

Shipping is a source of diffuse pollution to water bodies, and the RBMPSWMI identifies the Forth as an area where water quality is already adversely affected by this activity. Development unlikely to assist with achieving good water quality status, as required under WFD. Chemical and oil pollution can be toxic and have a smothering effect, marine litter is a concern and increased sediment arising from dredging activities is also harmful for water quality and can have adverse effects on biodiversity. Regulatory measures are already in place to deal with many of these issues, although litter requires further consideration within the RBMP.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

+

Brownfield site redevelopment, with possible remediation resulting in benefits for soils. Predicted benefits also based on an assumption that no additional soil sealing would occur.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+

Much of the proposed development would take place on previously developed or reclaimed land, therefore making use of brownfield land and more efficient use of land within the port boundary.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

-

Possibly short to medium-term permanent effects as a result of infrastructure improvements.

Potential for development, particularly of improved transport infrastructure, to result in adverse effects on scheduled ancient monuments and marine archaeological resources.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

0

Possible minor / neutral effects arising from associated transport infrastructure improvements. Area to the west of the port is currently designated as an AGLV. The LCA for the Dunfermline area notes that any potential increase in shipping on the Firth of Forth could have positive effects on the landscape character of the coastal area and the seascape of the Firth itself ¹²⁸.

Scapa Flow International Container Transshipment Facility ¹²⁹

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

-/--

Timescale depends on speed of development and consequent increase in shipping activity. Potential to lead to permanent displacement of protected species? Primary and secondary effects. Cumulative effects: disturbance, reduced water quality.

The disused piers south of Lyness Wharf are of nature conservation interest. Scapa Flow is an important wintering location for a range of migratory bird species. The area is also rich in cetaceans, seals, otters and a wider variety of fish species. The north and western side of Hoy is an SPA as a result of its importance for many birds, and the SPA description ¹³⁰ notes that the rich water around Hoy, lying outwith the designated area is an important associated feeding ground for divers and seabirds. This part of the island is also designated as an SAC and the nearby islet of Switha is an SPA owing to its role as a wintering site for Greenland Barnacle Geese. Shipping can disturb birds, with increased activity leading to higher risk of water pollution and marine litter. The SWMI report for the Scotland RBD notes that Scapa Flow is already adversely affected by shipping activity ¹³¹. Cetaceans can also be disorientated by this type of activity. Pollution would have wider implications for marine wildlife.

Promotes human health

0

No significant effects anticipated.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

0

No significant effects anticipated.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

0

No significant effects anticipated.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

-

Dependent on timescale in which shipping increases. Secondary implications of air pollution / emissions on wider environmental resources

Although shipping is the method for transporting freight over long distances with the lowest carbon footprint, it is estimated to account for 1.8 - 3.5% of global carbon emissions. Increased shipping activity and the overall increase in freight movements to and from the port would generate more emissions locally. It is not possible to quantify net emissions at this stage - this requires further investigation at a later stage of assessment. Promoting low carbon technology to reduce emissions should be considered. No onshore onward freight transport is proposed (ship to ship transfer), limiting potential for growth of emissions from road-based transport.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

-

Secondary impacts on biodiversity.

Water quality issues potentially arising from increased shipping activity in an area where water quality is already being affected by water-based transport.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

+

Brownfield site redevelopment, with possible remediation resulting in benefits for soils. Predicted benefits also based on an assumption that no additional soil sealing would occur.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+

The development would be on brownfield and reclaimed land - a former naval base currently operating as an industrial site.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

-

Potential for permanent damage to or loss of resources. Timescale dependent on pace of development. Possible secondary effects arising for tourism.

Marine heritage includes historic shipwrecks and underwater landscapes that were once dry land ¹³². The site includes SAMs and wreck sites, as well as further resources of cultural heritage significance. The wider area is important for military archaeology and the Scapa Flow Visitor centre is located on the south western boundary of the site. It is anticipated at this stage that impacts on these resources could be minimised. Lyness itself is of cultural heritage importance as a result of its former role as a WWII naval base.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

0

Hoy is part of National Scenic Area. SNH's Natural Heritage Futures Prospectus for Orkney and North Caithness ¹³³ emphasises the importance of maintaining the distinctive character of the landscapes and seascapes, with the dramatic coastline noted as a key feature.

Grid Reinforcements to Support Renewable Energy Development

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

-

Potential for both temporary and permanent effects over the short, medium and long term, depending on programme of reinforcements. Potentially significant cumulative effects and further secondary effects as a result of associated renewable energy developments.

Potential for transmission infrastructure to result in adverse ecological effects is well documented. A range of mitigation measures can be employed at the project-design and construction stages to avoid or reduce such effects. Emphasis on subsea links and coastally-focused technologies could have repercussions for marine and coastal environments, including those which are internationally protected, necessitating mitigation, particularly in the short term for temporary effects of construction / installation processes. Possible implications of overhead lines for some bird species - particularly swans, geese and those with aerial display flights. Underground cabling can also result in habitat loss or damage.

Promotes human health

?

There may be potential for adverse effects on health, although there no conclusive evidence on this at present.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

+/-?

Potential for both positive and negative effects on living environments, depending on route and method of transmission. No identified relationship to concentrations of social exclusion. Possible economic development benefits arising for renewables sector.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

++

The reinforcements are being proposed for designation specifically because of their role in promoting a more sustainable energy economy. Overhead lines may be vulnerable to long-term climate change, particularly the increased frequency of extreme weather events.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

++/-

Short term disbenefits arising from construction processes - project aims to deliver long-term benefits. Significant cumulative effects arising from role in unlocking wider range of renewable energy resources.

The new infrastructure should play a key role in increasing opportunities for generating energy from renewable sources, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing the carbon footprint of the energy sector. Important that potential disbenefits, including damage to peatlands arising from construction and associated release of carbon, are appropriately mitigated to avoid detracting from the wider benefits delivered by the NPF and environmental strategies.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

-

Direct effects and secondary effects arising from associated renewable energy developments.

Possible localised effects on ground water and surface water, depending on route chosen and baseline environment. Implications for the marine environment require further consideration at the project-design stage, and during installation or construction phases. Subsea cables can lead to disturbance of contaminated sediments, munitions dumps etc. during cable trenching. Coastal areas could be particularly vulnerable in relation to onshore grid connections where marine cables connect to land cables or overhead lines. ¹³⁴

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

-

Particular issues of a temporary nature arising in the short term, due to installation and construction processes. Direct and secondary effects arising from associated renewable energy developments.

Potential for negative effects on soil arising from construction or installation of infrastructure and associated schemes.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+

Aims to achieve efficiencies by putting in place appropriate infrastructure to unlock use of natural resources.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

-

Possibility of permanent loss of resources.

Potential for adverse effects on the historic environment, ranging from general effects on cultural landscapes and the setting of historic buildings to loss or damage of archaeological remains, including protected sites. Opening up marine areas to renewable energy development could have implications for World Heritage Sites at Orkney and St. Kilda and there are potentially wider issues for marine archaeology, designated wreck sites etc ¹³⁵. Mitigation required through appropriate design and siting at the project level.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

--/+

Possible primary effects, but secondary benefits.

Potentially significant negative effects on landscape character arising from infrastructure including substations and overhead lines. Particular implications for coastal landscapes and seascapes ¹³⁶ given the nature of the proposals, although this may be reduced by a decision to develop a subsea cable network. Potential secondary benefits for landscape where new transmission capacity reduces possible concentration of developments in close proximity as dictated by current infrastructure.

Glasgow Strategic Drainage Plan

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

++

Potential primary and secondary effects.

The scheme is designed to provide benefits for the natural environment - provision of SUDS, wetland creation and wider implications for improved water quality. Should help to sustain existing river and wetland habitats along the Clyde. Further scope for mitigation and enhancement should be explored through project-level EIA.

Promotes human health

+

Long term effects

The scheme would provide benefits as a result of improved water and drainage systems, and in particular due to reduced risk of flooding. Given the location of the scheme, communities with higher incidences of poor health could benefit particularly.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

++

Benefits extending into long term: environmental improvements and increased development capacity.

Scheme is designed to improve quality of life for particularly deprived communities in Glasgow. Should be designed to accommodate future flood risk arising from climate change. Would directly and indirectly benefit an estimated population of around 1 million in and around the Glasgow conurbation.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

++

Long term effects.

Scheme will unlock opportunities for development particularly on brownfield sites, derelict and vacant land, thus contributing to sustainable settlement regeneration. Would provide significant improvements to infrastructure. Likely to take into account and contribute to wider strategic green network proposals.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

0

No significant effects anticipated.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

++

Benefits should extend into long term if climate change capacity is built in.

Improved infrastructure is designed to accommodate future growth in a way which minimises risk of diffuse water pollution arising from urban development and other sources (e.g. transport infrastructure run-off) and reduces risk of groundwater pollution ¹³⁷. The Clyde sub-basin has been identified as a focus of numerous activities which in combination put pressure on water resources, thus making the target of achieving good ecological status by 2010 more challenging ¹³⁸.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

+

Sustainable soil management should be an integral part of SUDS schemes.

Benefits for the water environment should complement measures to maintain soil quality - vegetated SUDS areas can help to increase organic content. Would facilitate redevelopment of brownfield land, thereby realising opportunities for contaminated and derelict land remediation. SUDS should be designed to minimise potential soil borne pollution to water, following best practice guidelines. Project-level EIA should seek to optimise benefits for water environment.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+

Should facilitate regeneration and redevelopment of vacant and derelict land. Important for any waste generated during construction to be recycled as far as possible.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

-/+

Possible permanent loss or damage to resources. Improved hydrological conditions could better safeguard archaeological resources.

Possible impacts on known and unknown archaeological resources of alterations to underground drainage systems will require site-level mitigation. Possible benefits for some archaeological resources from improved hydrology.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

+

Potential links between SUDS related landscaping and biodiversity.

Important for existing landscape features to be incorporated into SUDS schemes, and for new landscaping associated with the development to provide a wider range of biodiversity benefits to maximise synergistic effects on the natural environment as a whole.

Commonwealth Games Facilities and Infrastructure ¹³⁹

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

-/+

Development will be concluded in time for 2014 Games - short to medium term effects

Potential for links between regeneration proposals and green network development need to be actively progressed to achieve benefits for biodiversity. Potential issues arising from some venues, particularly use of Cathkin Braes for mountain biking, but also currently disused or derelict sites which might provide habitats, form an important part of the wider green network and / or support rare plant species as a result of previous contamination. Requires appropriate design, siting and management to avoid adverse impacts on recognised local nature conservation site.

Promotes human health

++

Bid likely to provide benefits into the long term

Potential for significant health benefits, including for communities with a high incidence of poor health related to deprivation. General environmental improvements will improve health at a community-wide scale, whilst the role of the Games in encouraging physical activity will assist with achievement of national policy targets.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

++

Long term benefits expected. Synergistic effects together with health and wider environmental improvements making a significant contribution to quality of life for East End communities.

Facilities and infrastructure are designed to have long-term benefits for quality of life. Main focus of development includes some of the city's most deprived communities, maximising benefits in terms of social inclusion and addressing a legacy of industrial decline and dereliction. Aim of improving community cohesion is a key part of proposals, with support and involvement of local people. Substantial new employment opportunities and in-migration to support enhanced local services and facilities in the long term.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

++

Short to long term benefits. Synergies from infrastructure benefits alongside wider regeneration and improved facilities.

Green network is an integral part of development proposals. Significant transport improvements are planned to link the games with the rest of the city, and will provide long-term benefits for existing and new residents. Adaptation to climate change impacts in long term should be built into planned infrastructure - e.g. GSDP discussed previously.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

0

It is intended that the Games proposals will have minimal effects in terms of emissions, by using energy efficiency methods in new build, and drawing on renewable sources of energy. There is a commitment to setting up an offsetting scheme to reduce the overall carbon footprint of the event itself.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

+

Temporary risk of pollution arising from brownfield remediation extending into longer term benefits.

The regeneration proposals will have water and drainage capacity built in as a result of the GSDP, thereby indirectly promoting an overall improvement in water quality. Important to ensure that derelict land remediation does not have adverse effects on the water environment, by adhering to good practice and appropriate regulation during the construction phase. Long-term reduced risk of water pollution as a result of remediation of derelict or contaminated land.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

-/+

Derelict land remediation (350 ha) should address current soil contamination issues, depending on the approach used and the condition of the baseline environment. Potential for additional soil sealing to take place, resulting in some negative effects.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

++

The facilities and infrastructure will make use of existing venues, and where additional construction is required it will largely take place on previously developed land, with minimal energy consumption and limited waste being generated as a result of the use of recycled materials etc.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

++/-

Should improve the quality of the built environment, including townscape and the settings of listed buildings. Several of the venues are listed.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

+/-

Largely temporary negative effects

Generally positive effects on the visual amenity of the sites being redeveloped. Reinforcement of townscape. Potential for localised adverse effects arising from temporary use of Cathkin Braes as a mountain biking venue.