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Footnotes
1. For the purpose of the research 'promotion' is referred to in terms of discounts (and 'special offers'), and other in- store activities designed to increase sales, and not the general marketing/ advertising of products.
2. Wikipedia is the largest reference website on the Internet. The content of Wikipedia is free and written collaboratively by people from all around the world. An established and edited article is more likely to have common consensus between 'experts'.
3. It should be noted that some sources of research make a distinction between alcopops such as alcoholic lemonades and 'pre-mix cocktails' such as Bacardi Breezer however such distinction is not made here.
4. For example, there were five times more alcohol advertisements in Latino, than in predominantly white, neighbourhoods (Alaniz, 1998).
5. In addition, the neighbourhoods appeared to be targeted by specific products, with a majority of neighbourhoods in the Latino community advertising beer and wine; and a majority in the African-American neighbourhood advertised malt liquor and distilled spirits (see Alaniz, 1998).
6. The relative prevalence for Scotland is 1 off-licence/ 800 total population; 1 licence/ 240 adults.
7. All stores across Scotland were categorised into these three geographical areas. There are three main reporting regions covering Total Scotland; Border, Central and North. The North of Scotland is described as North East, because this is where the majority of the Postcodes within it lie. Those postcodes that are more North West of Scotland are included in the Central Scotland region.
8. Grocers are defined as an off-licence with 20% or more of its commodity turnover in groceries. Multiple Grocers have 10 or more branches of which 5 or more have licences.
9. Includes: Alldays; Balfour; The Co-Operative Group; United Co-Op; Other Co-Ops.
10. Multiple Specialists are off-licence with 50% or more of all commodity turnover in alcoholic drink. This must be 80% or more if the balance is groceries.
11. Symbols groups are an organisation of independent retailers who buy supplies through a specific wholesaler which are then delivered directly to the store (enables large quantity discounts).
12. Off- licences, corner shops, supermarkets and public houses.
13. In the Willner et al (2000) study an outstanding 41.6% of 13 year old girls successfully purchased alcohol from off- sales locations.
14. checking IDs, not serving those who were beginning to show signs of intoxication or who were already intoxicated.
15. Think 21 is a training initiative to reduce the instances of age restricted products being sold to underage people.
16. This is in direct contrast to the authors' findings with regard to on-sales establishments where enforcement had significant short and long term effects
17. However, it must be noted that the findings of this study could be due to the geographical area covered in the research, and that diffusion of enforcement messages may occur across shorter distances such as the same street or neighbourhood without the need to individually monitor separate establishments
18. Consisting of warning letters and visits to licensed premises in the area, media publicity and the issue of a small number of formal warnings to licensees who had sold alcohol in other test purchases
19. Some southern/ central countries do not enforce a minimum age restriction, compared to Northern countries where age restrictions consistent across on and off sales. This variation is further apparent in that age regulations can also differ across type of alcohol i.e. beer or spirits (with spirits being treated more severely)
20. ( http://www.licensingaid.org.uk/systems.html ).
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