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Footnotes
1 Directive 2004/35/ CE of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage
2 Directive 2004/35/ CE of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage
3 Annex III lists the occupational activities subject to strict liability
4 The RIA for England, Northern Ireland and Wales provides further information.
5 These measures are generally concerned with enhancing, protecting, conserving and creating features for biodiversity.
6 Including the costs of assessment and costs recovered by the enforcement
7 These case studies were from England and Wales but cases in Scotland are likely to follow a broadly similar pattern.
8 Derived from benefits assessment work undertaken for the Periodic Review of water prices in England and Wales.
9 This estimate is made on the basis of information for England and Wales taking account of Scotland's geographical extent, number of businesses and population in proportion to those for England and Wales.
10 These were cases from England but no reason to suggest significantly different types of cases in Scotland was identified.
11 This allocation is based at this stage upon data from England & Wales.
12 The Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters. Adopted in 1998.
13 These (the figures for costs and benefits) are Present Values ( PVs) calculated using a discount rate of 3.5%. A PV reflects the present value to society of future flows of costs and benefits. A discount rate is used to reflect the fact that costs and benefits are weighted more heavily now than in the future.
14 This is based on a UK survey of Environmental Protection Expenditure by industry: Defra 2005.
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