The Scottish Government

Building:
Vision/Character

Vision
Ambition
Character

Generic

* Increased land and property prices can lead to increased government revenue through taxation.

*Cultural landmark buildings provide a tourist attraction creates jobs through additional tourism spend and can increase land and residential property prices in the surrounding area.

*Wow factor of buildings significant in retention and recruitment of staff and students in HE

**Restoration of historic buildings/ sites can initiate wider regeneration of a surrounding area providing employment and opportunities for volunteering and training for local communities.

Generic

*Restoration of historic sites and buildings encourages community interaction can help promote local community cohesion and revive civic pride; provide facilities for local communities which increases use.

*Cultural landmark buildings create distinction, which enhances the culture of an area.

Generic

**Emergence of urban sprawl has been linked to a decrease in the aesthetic appeal of the landscape, increased the potential for flooding, harmed fragile ecosystems, and created more toxic wastes.

Building:
Appearance

External form
Design
Aesthetic appeal

Generic

*Higher quality design increases land and property values.

*Pleasant working environments can inspire and stimulate employees; reduce absenteeism and aid staff retention.

** Exterior views, natural views and sunlight can improve staff morale and satisfaction.

*Investment in tailor-made design can increase productivity and higher costs can be off-set by reduction in space required by conventional layouts.

*Layout which encourages interaction between functions can increase workforce effectiveness.

Generic

*Transparency from exterior to interior of building can reduce perceived barriers to entry.

Generic

*A sense of openness, light and space can be achieved through the use of atria and water features in central areas.

*Urban green roofs provide wildlife foraging habitats.

Commercial

*Pleasant architecture (and environment) is key in business location decisions.

**Higher quality design can attract greater rents and increases the marketability of offices / commercial properties.

*Cosmetic and environmental features of a building help to enforce corporate identity in employees and customers.

Commercial

**Inclusion of roof terraces or green spaces provides areas for workers in offices to socialise.

Commercial

*Roof terraces provide a less polluted area for social activity for workers than at street-level.

Residential

*Distinctive design qualities in residential properties can have a positive effect on property prices and improve marketability.

Residential

*The appearance of the neighbourhood and safety issues leads to greater satisfaction with homes from their occupants

*Raised ground floor and location of private rooms at rear can enhance residents' sense of security in their homes.

Residential

*Circulation of fresh air reduces exposure time to bacteria and chemicals found in the home.

Education

***A well-designed school can increase student recruitment and motivate students leading to increased academic performance and enhance teaching quality.

*Aesthetic appeal and spaciousness influential in staff recruitment in HE.

*** Use of colour reduces pupil absenteeism in schools leading to higher levels of motivation and academic performance. Alternative colour behind the teacher can help focus attention on the teacher.

Education

**The use of colour in the classroom can help reduce eye strain in pupils.

Hospitals

**A well-designed hospital can reduce staff turnover including spaciousness.

*Display of visual art in hospital and the use of colour can lead to increased levels of staff morale and reduce patient recovery times.

Hospitals

**Capital investment in refurbishing old hospitals or building new hospitals can reduce patient recovery times by increasing morale of staff and patients.

***Well-designed hospital buildings have therapeutic properties for patients, helping them recover faster.

**Exterior views from hospital beds can increase patient recovery rates.

** Lack of windows on the ICU wards in hospitals can be linked to levels of anxiety and depression for patients on intensive-care units.

*Non-institutional design including use of colour and pattern helps children recover faster in hospital.

*The interior design of wards and nurses' stations in hospitals can help to increase patient contact times.

*Increasing the amount of personal space for patients recovering in hospitals leads to better satisfaction with their environment.

**Displays of visual art in hospitals can bolster staff morale and reduce patient recovery times.

Building:
Context

Sited in relation to context
Urban and social integration
Contribution and connection to neighbourhood
Contribution to its environment

Commercial

*Contiguity to high-quality public space can increase rental value of commercial and retail property facing the space.

*Prestige / image of surrounding area important factor in choice of office location

*Initial capital investment can be recouped through increased productivity and lower running costs in commercial developments.

*Natural views increase worker satisfaction and retention.

Commercial

*New developments can have a positive effect on their surrounding area by providing cultural facilities for occupants and workers to use.

Commercial

*Development of traffic flow management has reduced traffic generation and car usage for companies relocating to out of town developments.

Residential

**Proximity to water features, green spaces, street trees, parks and playgrounds can increase residential property prices.

Residential

*Scenery and views add to residents' satisfaction with their homes.

*Homes that overlook each other makes residents feel safer, as this tended to deter crime.

*Homes looking in a state of disrepair increases the risk of burglary

*Homes with good sight from kitchens and living rooms to outside reduce child involvement in accidents.

*Having gardens as part of the home reduces road traffic accidents.

**Housing near busy road reduces crime rates and makes residents feel safer.

*The location of housing can facilitate or hinder social relationships between neighbours.

Education

**Capital investment in schools influences staff morale and pupil motivation to learn.

Hospitals

** Landscaped hospital buildings, providing views have a positive effect on the health and well-being of staff, in terms of reduced stress levels and increased satisfaction.

Hospitals

**Landscaped hospital buildings, have a positive effect on the health and well-being of patients, in terms of reduced stress levels and increased satisfaction, by providing windows with a view.

Building:
Buildability

Build quality
Ease of construction
Materials
Sustainability
Resource use

Generic

**Sustainable design features reduce energy use and utility bills in commercial and residential properties in construction and ongoing maintenance.

*Choice of building materials can reduce construction costs by up to 30 per cent.

*Greater use of energy efficient resources reduces operational costs in terms of lower utility bills.

Generic

*Careful use of building materials can increase well-being by reducing the effect of exposure to irritating chemicals.

Generic

** Incorporation of sustainable design features in the construction and planning of new developments can minimise the impact on the natural environment including reducing energy use and carbon emissions.

*Evidence that new build can be more costly due to costs of demolition and construction.

*Automatically adjusting heating and glare systems reduce energy costs.

*Energy taxes levied on thermal conductivity of buildings reduces energy use.

*Low-emissivity glass reduces energy use.

Commercial

*Loose-fit approach reduces construction time and costs and provides for greater flexibility in future use.

*The use of intelligent lighting design can reduce energy costs in office buildings.

Commercial

*Installation of Highly Interactive Visual Environment Suites in offices reduces traffic initiated carbon-dioxide emissions. [295]

Residential

* Use of energy saving techniques and materials in the construction of homes including low temperature heating and insulation reduces future utility costs.

Residential

*Use of energy saving materials and techniques in house construction can reduce the number of households experiencing fuel poverty.

*Sound insulation between flats increases happiness in residents of high-density accommodation.

Residential

*Use of energy saving techniques and materials in the construction of homes including low temperature heating and insulation reduces future energy use.

Education

*A reduction in energy loss and construction costs can be achieved through using low perimeter [?] in the design of the school. (Also in economic if about costs?)

* Larger windows facing East allows natural light into the classroom, reducing energy use.

* Use of retractable external blinds can reduce heat and sun glare in schools.

Hospitals

*Internal design of wards to allow for flexible use increases nursing efficiency.

Hospitals

* Using photovoltaic cells on the roof of hospitals can create energy.

Building:
Operation

Space range and use
Accessibility
Navigation
User comfort/control
Flexibility /adaptability
Effectiveness
Safety

Space:

Commercial

*Open plan offices can have a positive or negative [?] effect on workforce effectiveness and efficiency.

*Provision of extreme / creative / flexible / connected spaces encourage creativity and inspiration in workforce.

Education

*Linking of space in schools can reduce staffing costs.

**Small classroom size, which results in high density of pupils in classes, can be detrimental to motivation and academic performance in schools.

*Availability of quiet areas for study important to student motivation and performance.

Space:

Commercial

* Providing additional space per employee reduces the occurrence of sick building syndrome and absenteeism due to respiratory problems.

* Open plan offices improve communication amongst the workforce.

Education

*Corridor type accommodation made students withdraw into their own rooms, whilst suite accommodation and the incorporation of common space fosters social relationships amongst residents.

Hospitals

*Use of private recovery rooms for patients staying in hospital can improve their happiness.

*Multi-bed rooms in hospitals are beneficial to reducing the patient's feeling of isolation during recovery but can lead to lack of privacy and compromise patient disclosure of confidential information.

User comfort / control:

Commercial

***Air quality, temperature control, quality of lighting, and reduced noise levels, all contribute to employee health and well-being in the workplace which leads to increased productivity.

* Exposure to natural light and ventilation can increase productivity of workers.

Education

***Good quality lighting, air quality, moderate temperature and acoustics contribute to increased levels of academic performance in schools.

**Natural light enhances student performance.

*The integration of design and technology in the school establishment can contribute towards student performance.

Hospitals

***Levels of noise, sunlight. air quality and ergonomics can have a positive and negative on hospital workforce efficiency and satisfaction, in terms of delivering patient care and safety.

User comfort / control:

Commercial

** Poor air quality, noise levels, poor lighting and inappropriate temperatures in the office environment can be detrimental to workers' health.

Residential

* Exposure to natural light and ventilation can increase well-being of occupants.

Navigation:

Generic

*External views from a building can aid navigation within.

Hospitals

*Natural progression from public to treatment rooms and clear way-finding and plans prevent reduce sense of disorientation in hospitals.

Flexibility / Adaptability:

Commercial

*Flexibility of use in office buildings helps to make the organisation more efficient and adaptable to changing market trends.

Flexibility:

Leisure

* Flexible spaces and areas for community group activities in libraries have attracted more young people and local residents.

Place:
Character

Sense of place, character, identity
Responsive to local context

Generic

*Restoration of heritage sites can rejuvenate an area and make a place unique.

*Regeneration of an area can push up property prices and cause displacement of local resident communities.

* Decline in the high street and emergence of out-of-town retail park has been linked to decline in the health of the nation, due to the lack of exercise.

Residential

*Areas deemed to have character are valued more highly by potential house-buyers.

* Involvement in restoration of historic sites can help participants can develop new skills.

Residential

* Endless rows of standardised buildings and new developments that do not fit into their surroundings can contribute to decline in quality of life.

*Terraced housing is perceived as most defensible type of residential property; high-rise flats the most susceptible.

Place:
Continuity and enclosure

Defined and coherent public space

Residential

** Neighbourhoods with gated communities can lack community cohesion and make those outside feel socially excluded

*Street vitality, particularly playing is greater in non-gated communities.

*Estates can make people who live on them socially excluded because of the physical separation the rest of society.

**Compact rather than lower-density neighbourhoods where people are more car-dependent encourage greater community cohesion.

*Occupants in residential properties felt safer in developments where their children could play in safety within a gated courtyard.

*High-density developments can cause residents to feel isolated due to the lack of semi-private space and hostile towards each other.

Residential

*Living in gated properties increase the distance for commuters to travel to work which potentially increase traffic congestion and pollution.

Place:
Quality of public realm

Safe, attractive, functional public space for all

Generic

**Quality and secure public space, including pedestrianisation and street furniture increases use and associated retail spend

*Restoration of public spaces can stimulate rejuvenation of adjacent sites.

*Capital investment in quality and safety of public space attracts new residents to move to an area.

**Well-planned and well-managed public spaces can have a positive impact on residential house prices.

Generic

*Evidence that people place more emphasis on the quality and appearance of their neighbourhood than on their own homes

Use

*Regeneration of public spaces and parks increases use

*Adaptable public space is used by more people for longer than space designed for specific functions.

Cohesion

Lack of public space reduces the opportunities for informal social interaction.

* Provision of benches and tables near play areas, increases the time families spent together and especially make disabled children feel socially included in public spaces.

**Public parks provide the resident population with facilities in which to carry out leisure activity and quiet places for contemplation, which contributes to the health and well-being of the community.

Safety

**Natural surveillance in public places reduces the risk of crime.

*Public spaces overlooked by residential buildings provide safer recreational space.

* CCTV and radio-security schemes increase perception of safety and use of public spaces.

**Poor lighting in public places can make people feel unsafe.

Place:
Diversity

Varied environments offering a range of uses and experiences

Mixed-use

*New mixed-use developments can increase an area's vibrancy and attract businesses and residents into an area.

*New mixed-use developments in the city centre can help to regenerate an area by attracting other investors and creating jobs.

*Mixed-use areas contribute to reducing travel time to work and job creation for local communities.

*Locating offices in mixed-use environments with green space, retail and leisure facilities increases workforce productivity.

Mixed-use

***Adaptable and mixed use public spaces increase social interaction and usage.

*Commercial out-of-town developments do not offer the local community mixed-use spaces in which to form social relationships.

*Mixed-use may help create socially diverse communities, but do not necessarily lead to social inclusiveness.

** Mixed-use can help decrease personal violence and increase personal safety in public spaces.

*Mixed-use reduces travel to work time, affording more personal time and increasing quality of life

*Mixed-use lessons car use for travel to work, reducing incidence of respiratory disease

Mixed-use

**Mixed-use lessens car use for travel to work, reducing pollution.

*Greenfield locations for commercial premises increase travel to work car emissions.

Green Space

*Accessibility to green spaces has seen office rents and popularity increase for out of town office developments.

**Proximity to green spaces increases residential property prices, whilst lack of green space can reduce property prices in an area.

Green space

**Green space provides opportunities for interaction and community activities which foster community cohesion

*Smaller, natural areas of green space close to housing are more effective in promoting community cohesion than large open spaces.

*Urban wildlife habitats are highly valued and offer local communities places for social interaction.

**Proximity to and use of green space reduces stress and enhances well-being

*Green spaces afford health benefits through provision of opportunities for exercise

*The provision of green space has been linked to children's emotional development, as it provides an area for social interaction.

*Introducing greenery inside and outside of the school can improve the attention span of children with attention-deficit disorders.

*Varying topography may help children's balance and co-ordination develop faster than traditional playgrounds.

Greens space

***Trees and shrubs help the cooling of the air temperature in heavily trafficked streets; are good interceptors of solar reflection and radiation from buildings and streets; improve air quality by reducing airborne particulate and gaseous pollutants and produce oxygen.

**Trees and shrubs can reduce overall energy use in buildings and reduce CO2 emissions.

*Trees provide carbon-storage capacity and lower the level of water run-off into drains, reducing flood problems.

*Urban wildlife habitats are highly valued and offer local communities first hand knowledge of nature

Wildlife habitats damaged in construction can be replaced by incorporating green spaces in new design.

Public Space

*Public spaces for events can help to increase usage of public space and rejuvenate an area.

Place:
Ease of movement

Accessible
Well-connected

Generic

*Economic value of land increases where buildings are situated close to transportation networks and accessible to local amenities.

Generic

*Spaces that have generous paths and are connected but not split by movement paths increase use.

** Provision of cycle networks and walkways increases instances of people walking which contributes to a healthier lifestyle.

*Well-connected and visible areas have reduced crime due to provision of natural surveillance.

*Well-designed streets that restrain vehicle speeds can reduce traffic accidents.

Generic

**Good public transport network can reduce the level of traffic and pollution.

*Replacement of inner-city ring road with green boulevard providing bus, cycle and walking options reduces car use and pollution

*Traffic calming strategies reduce traffic accidents and congestion, and encourage walking and cycling.

Connectivity in design of public spaces increases walking and cycling, especially for local trips, reducing car-use emissions.

Commercial

*Accessibility to transport networks is a major factor in business location decisions.

*New developments without access to a transportation network cause occupier dissatisfaction with the workplace.

Residential

*Low traffic streets afford a greater sense of neighbourhood as people use the streets more and move on less quickly than in heavy traffic streets.

Residential

** Neighbourhoods with accessible land-use and multi-modal transportation systems reduce car use and pollution.

*Having local amenities near where people live can reduce the dependence on the car, as walking becomes an alternative mode of transport.

Hospitals

*Location of the hospital, amenities and proximity to transport facilities affects the hospitals effectiveness in attracting and retaining staff.

Building & Place:
Process

Involvement of users and stakeholders in design

Generic

***Consultation and involvement during the design phase of a building or public space can help foster a sense of pride, local identity, ownership and future use and can lead to community cohesion and reduced crime, particularly vandalism.

Commercial

*Workers pride in their place of work can be obtained through their involvement in designing their workspace.

Residential

*Participation in the design process increases occupier engagement and satisfaction of their homes.

Education

*Involvement in design discussions enhances a sense of ownership and learning potential of students in schools.