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Footnotes
1. A further 6 women have died at Cornton Vale.
2. The service was named 218 after the street number of the building where the service was located.
3. Turning Point previously provided a service specifically for women, Turnaround. The Turnaround team moved to 218 to continue working with women.
4. This information is taken directly from the literature distributed by 218 as well as from field notes and interviews.
5. The Scottish Commission for the Regulation of Care (the Care Commission) was established in April 2002 as the new, independent regulator set up under the Regulation of Care (Scotland) Act 2001 to regulate care services in Scotland.
6. On one occasion, only one woman attended for the group. As she was keen to take part in the evaluation she was interviewed alone.
7. Base 75 provides a service to all women involved in prostitution and is funded through criminal justice social work.
8 .This service supports women in exiting prostitution.
9. By 'engaged' we mean that women attended 218 and had participated in the services available.
10. 4 full-time equivalents (3 full time and 2 part-time) staff members.
11. Included in the 20.46 project worker posts.
12. A leaflet produced by the 218 service manager Guarantees, Promises and Standards states that staff "will have supervision no less than six times a year".
13. At the time of writing, these issues were under review by Glasgow City Council CJSW.
14. Individual counselling/support sessions.
15. The psychologist at 218 has since developed an offending based programme for women to be implemented in early 2006.
16. This fits with experiences within Youth Offending Teams in England and Wales, for example, where engaging health services has proved difficult because of certain established protocols.
17. See also Effective Interventions Unit (2002).
18. While 218 is aimed at women from Glasgow, appropriate referrals can be accepted from other areas as long as the woman is deemed to have a designated worker (eg criminal justice social worker) in her home area.
19. By the time this evaluation was complete, women from HMP Greenock had been transferred to Cornton Vale.
20. This only includes referrals for formal assessment to enter 218 rather than preliminary assessments conducted in court or continuations of clients from one 218 programme into another.
21. For example the first Sheriff Court referral was received one year after the Centre opened, while the first District Court referral did not occur until February 2005. A senior Social Work official noted that 218 initially accepted referrals from a wide range of sources in order to get the service started. Once the service became more established, criminal justice referrals could begin to take priority
22. This would appear to be court or criminal justice social work requests for assessment reports.
23. The assessment form, which is currently being developed, is used to obtain detailed information on the woman's current situation, accommodation, children, offending, drug/alcohol use, health and experience of trauma/safety.
24. By the end of this evaluation, Residential Team Leaders were participating in admission meetings and therefore had prior knowledge of each client prior to admission.
25. This is a slightly different subset of women: the number of referrals records women referred to 218 from 1 April 2004 - 31 March 2005, while the number of engagements refers to those who engaged in services during the same period. These are mostly the same women, though some who engaged in that time will have been referred before the study period; equally some referred during the study period will have engaged after the cut-off.
26. The categorisation of sources of referral for 218's records have since been clarified, though backdated information was not available to clarify sources of referral during the study period.
27. Section 46 of the Civil Government Scotland Act (soliciting )
28. Exploration into why a higher proportion of clients came from particular post codes would be a useful area for further research but is beyond the remit of the current evaluation. See Scottish Executive (2005b).
29. 218 is not meant for use as a homelessness unit.
30. Electronic passes
31. in particular, to avoid any drug trafficking in the building or locality.
32. '218 the alternative' information leaflet.
33. Narcotics Anonymous, Cocaine Anonymous and Alcoholics Anonymous.
34. Interestingly, discussions with staff revealed that the original design of the programme at 218 was for 12-week programmes with gaps in between, based on research into best practice. This design was altered in view of objections from staff, who subsequently found that time limits may indeed be more beneficial both to clients and to the overall service in the longer term.
35. One clash resulted in the client instigating a formal complaint against a member of staff (which the client believes was handled adequately) and leaving the residential unit early to begin day services.
36. This reflects similar findings in other studies, for example Loucks (1998) and literature on 'What Works' such as Mair (ed) (2004).
37. A nursery was available directly across the street from 218, and managers said they were able to negotiate access if this were necessary.
38. 218's 'person centred approach' means each visit is assessed for risk, so staff will not be in the room if they deem the visit safe enough to be monitored by CCTV alone. Interviews with clients suggested that such unsupervised visits were not common.
39. For example the Drug Court Treatment and Supervision Team will contact 218 whenever a woman is assessed for the Drug Court.
40. However some agency representatives commented that they were unaware of the role of 218 staff in court.
41. Friday mornings are 'open' by appointment for agency visitors to tour the building.
42. While women accessing the service could not always be considered to be at immediate risk of custody, respondents believed that the intervention of 218 was very likely to reduce the likelihood of custody in the future by working to reduce offending and substance use.
43. This flexibility was evident around the criteria of 'contact' with the criminal justice system which could mean current charges or be translated more generally i.e. soliciting and therefore at risk of charges. A period of custody could also refer to a period in prison under sentence or remand, or being held in police custody.
44. The Routes Out SIP was funded in response to growing concern about the scale of the problem of street prostitution in Glasgow and the subsequent problems experienced by the women involved resulting from vulnerability, abuse and multiple deprivation.
45. Following the evaluation period, more active efforts have been made to link 218 with other services in Glasgow, and Criminal Justice services in particular.
46. See Effective Interventions Unit (2004).
47. Where appropriate 218 now asks referrers to name a Care Manager to ensure that community-based services are involved from the outset.
48. Glasgow Homelessness Partnership has developed a RESPONSE domestic abuse link project through which certain agencies can access temporary furnished accommodation directly. 218 has been included in the development of their protocols. Scatter flats can now be accessed by women leaving 218.
49. Includes printing and stationery, computer supplies, publications and subscriptions, office equipment hire, telephone and faxes, mobile phones and postage.
50. Includes electricity, gas, food, laundry and cleaning.
51. Includes day to day maintenance, cyclical maintenance, repairs and rent.
52. Engagements are counted as distinct, separate periods of time. In other words, if a client started in the residential unit, then moved straight on to the day SAFE programme then straight on to CONNECTIONS, that counts as one engagement. If, however, she had a gap between programmes, that counts as two engagements, because she would have to be re-referred. The latter is now standard practice, but it was not for the majority of our study period.
53. Although some women were still engaged in the programme beyond 31 March 2005, only time spent on programmes during the FY 2004-5 has been included.
54. £647,500 divided by 113 participants
55. £894,167 divided by 88 participants
56. These figures show the costs for each woman over the course of the financial year. Costs per engagement will be less than this, as women often engaged with services at 218 more than once, as noted above.
57. For which the stated prison sentence would be just over 5 months.
58. Equivalent to a sentence of just over 2 months.
59. These costs are likely to be underestimates, both because clients may be less willing to disclose the full extent of their drug use upon initial assessment, plus average daily cost was taken for each client. For example, clients often gave a range of daily use, such as £70 - £90 per day, in which case daily cost was recorded as £80.
60. The standard reconviction follow-up period is 2 years.
61. i.e. using ice to cause pain without harm, or slashing clothing rather than themselves.
62. Although this difficulty was eventually addressed by management within the two agencies.
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