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1. Motto of The Gerontological Society of America, cited in Rejeski, W Jack. and Mihalko, Shannon L (2001) 'Physical Activity and Quality of Life in Older Adults', Journals of Gerontology: Series A: Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences, Vol. 56, No. 11, p. 33.
2. Campbell, A and Converse PE (1972) The Human Meaning of Social Change, New York: Russell Sage Foundation, quoted in Rapley, Mark (2003) Quality of Life Research. A Critical Introduction., London: Sage,
p. 10.
3. Staricoff, Rosalia Lelchuk (2004) Arts in Health: A Review of the Medical Literature. Research Report 36. London: Arts Council England.
4. Hagerty, Michael R, Cummins, Robert A, Ferriss, Abbott L, Land, Kenneth, Michalos, Alex C, Peterson, Mark, Sharpe, Andrew, Sirgy, M Joseph, and Vogel, Joachim (2001) 'Quality of Life Indexes for National Policy: Review and Agenda for Research', Social Indicators Research, Vol. 55, No. 1, p. 1; Vittersø, Joar (2004) 'Subjective Well-Being Versus Self-Actualization: Using the Flow-Simplex to Promote a Conceptual Clarification of Subjective Quality of Life', Social Indicators Research, Vol. 65, No. 3, p. 300; Cummins, Robert A (1997) 'Assessing Quality of Life' in Brown, Roy (ed) Quality of Life for People with Disabilities. Models, Research and Practice, 2nd edn, Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes (Publishers) Ltd, p. 117.
5. Armstrong, David and Caldwell, Deborah (2004) 'Origins of the Concept of Quality of Life in Health Care: a Rhetorical Solution to a Political Problem', Social Theory and Health, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 361-371; Sandøe, Peter (1999) 'Quality of Life - Three Competing Views', Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, Vol. 2, No. 1; Day, Hy and Jankey, Sharon G (1996) 'Lessons From the Literature. Towards a Holistic Model of Quality of Life' in Renwick, Rebecca, Brown, Ivan, and Nagler, Mark (eds) Quality of Life in Health Promotion and Rehabilitation. Conceptual Approaches, Issues and Applications, Thousand Oaks: Sage, pp. 39-50; Parmenter, Trevor and Donelly, Michelle (1997) 'An Analysis of the Dimensions of Quality of Life' in Brown, Roy (ed) Quality of Life for People with Disabilities. Models, Research and Practice, 2nd edn, Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes (Publishers) Ltd, pp. 91-115; Rapley (2003).
6. Haas refers to a literature review that identified more than 4,000 articles published about QOL related to health that were published within the four-year period 1993 to 1997 alone. King, CR et al (1997), 'Quality of Life and the Cancer Experience: The State-of-the-Knowledge'. Oncology Nursing Forum, 24, pp. 27 - 41 in Haas, Barbara K. (1999) 'A Multidisciplinary Concept Analysis of Quality of Life', Western Journal of Nursing Research, Vol 21, No. 6729.
7. Rapley (2003) pp. 5-7.
8. Parmenter and Donelly (1997), p. 91; Delhey, Jan et al (2002) 'Quality of Life in a European Perspective: the EUROMODULE as a New Instrument in Comparative Welfare Research', Social Indicators Research, Vol. 58, No. 1 - 3, pp161-175.
9. Schalock, Robert L (2004) 'The Concept of Quality of Life: What We Know and Do Not Know', Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, Vol. 48, No. 3, p205.
10. See instead Schalock, Robert L (2000) 'Three Decades of Quality of Life', Focus on Autism & Other Developmental Disabilities, Vol. 15, No. 2, p. 116; Schalock (2004), p. 203; Ager, Alastair (2002) ''Quality of Life' Assessment in Critical Context', Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 369-376.
11. Ager (2002), p. 373.
12. Keith, Kenneth D (2001) 'International Quality of Life: Current Conceptual, Measurement, and Implementation Issues' in Glidden, Laraine Masters (ed) International Review of Research in Mental Retardation 24, San Diego: Academic Press, p. 49.
13. Rapley (2003), p. 81.
14. Keith (2001), p. 50.
15. Farquhar, Morag (1995) 'Definitions of Quality of Life: a Taxonomy', Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol. 22, No. 3, p. 502; Felce, David and Perry, Jonathan (1995) 'Quality of Life: Its Definition and Measurement', Research in Developmental Disabilities, Vol. 16, No. 1, p. 51; Rejeski, W Jack and Mihalko, Shannon L (2001) 'Physical Activity and Quality of Life in Older Adults', Journals of Gerontology: Series A: Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences, Vol. 56, No. 11, p. 24; Day and Jankey (1996), p. 50.
16. Farquhar (1995), p. 503.
17. Armstrong and Caldwell (2004).
18. Keith, Kenneth D and Schalock, Robert L (2000) 'Cross-cultural Perspectives on Quality of Life: Trends and Themes' in Keith, Kenneth D and Schalock, Robert L (eds), Cross-cultural Perspectives on Quality of Life, Washington DC: American Association on Mental Retardation, pp. 363-380, cited in Keith (2001), p. 54.
19. Keith (2001), p. 54.
20 .Rejeski and Mihalko (2001), p. 24.
21. Haas, Barbara K. (1999a) 'A Multidisciplinary Concept Analysis of Quality of Life', Western Journal of Nursing Research, Vol. 21, No. 6, p. 728; Farquhar (1995), p. 502; Bowling, Ann (1997) Measuring Health. A Review of Quality of Life Measurement Scales, 2nd edn. Buckingham: Open University Press, p. 6; Felce and Perry (1995), p 52.
22. Schalock (2000) p. 117.
23. See Haas (1999a), p. 739; Taillefer, Marie Christine, Dupuis, Gilles, Roberge, Marie-Anne and Lemay, Sylvie (2003) 'Health-Related Quality of Life Models: Systematic Review of the Literature', Social Indicators Research, Vol. 64, No. 2, p. 294; Meeberg, Glenda A (1993) 'Quality of Life: a Concept Analysis.', Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol. 18, No. 1, p. 32; Raphael, Dennis (1996) 'Defining Quality of Life: Eleven Debates Concerning Its Measurement' in Renwick, Rebecca, Brown, Ivan and Nagler, Mark (eds) Quality of life in health promotion and rehabilitation: conceptual approaches, issues, and applications, Thousand Oaks: Sage, p. 147; Armstrong and Caldwell (2004).
24. Taillefer et al (2003), p. 307.
25. Oliver, Nicolas, Holloway, Frank and Carson, Jerome (1995) 'Deconstructing Quality of Life', Journal of Mental Health ( UK), Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 1-4; Naess, Siri (1999) 'Subjective Approach to Quality of Life', Feminist Economics, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 115-118.
26. Keith (2001), p. 51.
27. Farquhar (1995), Rapley (2003), p. 84.
28. Farquhar (1995), p. 505
29. Raphael (1996), p. 149.
30. Diener, Ed and Suh, Eunkook (1997) 'Measuring Quality of Life: Economic, Social, and Subjective Indicators', Social Indicators Research, Vol. 40, No. 1-2, p. 191.
31. Hagerty et al (2001), p. 81.
32. Taillefer et al (2003) p. 295.
33. Meeberg (1993), p. 36.
34. Taillefer et al (2003), p. 295.
35. Meeberg (1993), p. 34; Haas, Barbara K. (1999b) 'Clarification and Integration of Similar Quality of Life Concepts', IMAGE: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, Vol. 31, No. 3, p. 4; Coffman, Don D (2002) 'Music and Quality of Life in Older Adults', Psychomusicology, Vol. 18, Nos 1-2, p. 76.
36. Meeberg (1993), p. 34.
37. Armstrong, David and Caldwell, Deborah (2004) 'Origins of the Concept of Quality of Life in Health Care: A Rhetorical Solution to a Political Problem', Social Theory and Health, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 361 - 371; McHorney, Colleen A (2000) 'Concepts and Measurement of Health Status and Health-Related Quality of Life' in Albrecht, Gary L, Fitzpatrick, Ray and Scrimshaw Susan C (eds) Handbook of Social Studies in Health and Medicine, London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: Sage; Haas, Barbara K. (1999).
38. Farquhar (1995), p. 503.
39. Farquhar (1995), p. 504.
40. Hagerty et al (2001), p. 79.
41. See Felce, David and Perry, Jonathan (1996) 'Assessment of Quality of Life' in Schalock, Robert L (ed) Quality of Life. Volume 1 Conceptualisation and Measurement, Washington: American Association on Mental Retardation.
42. Meeberg (1993); Haas (1999b); Walker, LO and Avant, KC (1988), Strategies for Theory Construction in Nursing, 2nd edn, Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton and Lange.
43. The WHOQOL Group (1995) 'The World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment ( WHOQOL): Position Paper From the World Health Organization', Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 41, No. 10.
43. Naess (1999), p. 115.
44. Naess (1999), p. 115.
45. Haas (1999a); Meeberg (1993); Farquhar (1995); Schalock, Robert L (1996) 'Reconsidering the Conceptualisation and Measurement of Quality of Life' in Schalock, Robert L (ed) Quality of Life, Vol. 1. Conceptualization and Measurement, Washington: American Association on Mental Retardation; Cummins (1997).
46. Raphael (1996), p. 146.
47. Haas (1999a), p. 729; Diener and Suh (1997), p. 200.
48. Cummins, Robert A (2000) 'Objective and Subjective Quality of Life: an Interactive Model', Social Indicators Research, Vol. 52, No. 1.
49. Andrews, FM and Withey, SB (1976) Social Indicators of Well-being: Americans' Perceptions of Life Quality, New York: Plenum; Campbell, A, Converse, PE and Rodgers, WL (1976) The Quality of American Life: Perceptions, Evaluations and Satisfactions, New York: Russell Sage Foundation, both cited in Rapley (2003), p. 14.
50. Cummins (2000), p. 58.
51. Rapley (2003) p. 10.
52. Felce and Perry (1995), p. 56.
53. Delhey, Jan et al. (2002), p.169.
54. See Diener and Suh (1997); Keith (2001), p. 51; Cummins (2000), p. 56; Hagerty et al (2001), p. 7; Felce and Perry (1996).
55. Diener and Suh (1997), p. 214.
56. Schalock (1996), p. 133.
57. Craig, Carol (2003) The Scots' Crisis of Confidence, Glasgow: Big Thinking; Scottish Executive Strategy Unit (2005) Confidence in Scotland Discussion Paper, Edinburgh: Scottish Executive.
58. Meeberg (1993); The WHOQOL Group (1995); Andrews FM and Withey SB (1976), cited in Cummins (2000), p. 56.
59. Raphael (1996), p. 150.
60. Schalock (2000), p. 118.
61. Keith (2001), p. 53.
62. Cummins (2000), p. 58.
63. Felce and Perry (1995), p. 57.
64. Gurin, G, Veroff, J and Feld, S (1960) Americans View their Mental Health, New York: Basic Books, cited in Bowling (1997), p. 111.
65 .Felce and Perry (1996), p. 65.
66. Felce and Perry (1996), p. 65.
67. Erikson, R (1993) 'Descriptions of Inequality: the Swedish Approach to Welfare Research', in Nussbaum, M and Sen, A (eds) The Quality of Life, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 67-87, quoted in Rapley (2003) p. 12.
68. Cummins (2000); Cummins, Robert A, Eckersley, Richard, Pallant, Julie, Vugt, Jackie van and Misajon, Rose Anne (2003) 'Developing a National Index of Subjective Well-being: The Australian Unity Well-being Index', Social Indicators Research, Vol. 64, No. 2, pp. 195-190.
69. Cummins (2000), p. 68.
70. Felce, David (1997) 'Defining and Applying the Concept of Quality of Life', Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, Vol. 41, No. 2, p. 127; Cummins (1997); Schalock (1996).
71. Torrance, GW (1986) 'Measurement of Health State Utilities for Economic Appraisal', Journal of Health Economics, Vol. 5, No. xxx, pp. 1 - 30; and Churchill, DN, Morgan, J and G.W. Torrance (1984), 'Quality of Life in End-State Renal Disease', Peritoneal Dialysis Bulletin 4, pp. 20-23, cited in Michalos, Alex C (2004) 'Social Indicators Research and Health-Related Quality of Life Research', Social Indicators Research, Vol. 65, No. 1, p. 59; Rosencranz, HA and Pihlblad, CT (1970) 'Measuring the Health of the Elderly', Journal of Gerontology Vol. 25, pp. 129-133, cited in Hagerty et al (2001), p. 73.
72. Guyatt, GH, Veldhuyzen Van Zanten, SJO, Feeny, DH and Patrick, DL (1989), 'Measuring Quality of Life in Clinical Trials: A Taxonomy and Review', Canadian Medical Association Journal Vol. 140, p. 1443, cited in Michalos (2004), p. 59.
73. Rejeski and Mihalko (2001), p. 23.
74. Andrews FM and Withey SB (1976), cited in Cummins (1997), p. 119.
75. Schalock (1996); Cummins (1997); Felce and Perry (1995); Keith (2001).
76. Felce and Perry (1995), p. 59; Keith (2001), p. 53.
77. Hagerty et al (2001), p. 74.
78. Keith (2001), p. 52.
79. Felce (1997), p. 130.
80. Schalock (2000), p. 118.
81. Schalock (2004), p. 205.
82. Keith (2001).
83. The WHOQOL Group (1995).
84. Hagerty et al (2001).
85. Hagerty et al (2001), p. 75.
86. Hagerty et al (2001), p. 75.
87. Cummins (1997), p. 120.
88. Hagerty et al (2001), p. 10; The WHOQOL Group (1995), p. 1405.
89. Hagerty et al (2001), p. 10.
90. Felce and Perry (1996), p. 68.
91. Felce and Perry (1996), p. 69.
92. Schalock, Robert L and Verdugo, M (2002) Handbook on Quality of Life for Human Service Practitioners, Washington DC: American Association on Mental Retardation, cited in Schalock (2004), p. 206.
93. Schalock (1996).
94. Felce and Perry (1996); Schalock (1996); Day and Jankey (1996); Keith (2001), p. 52.
95. Felce and Perry (1995); Felce and Perry (1996).
96. Felce and Perry (1996), p. 64.
97. Felce and Perry (1996), p. 67.
98. Schalock (2000), p. 118.
99. Schalock (2000), p. 121.
100. Cummins (1997), p. 122.
101. Haas (1999a), p. 740.
102. Keith (2001), p. 51.
103. Rapley (2003), p. 96.
104. Eiser, Christine and Morse, Rachel (2001) 'Can Parents Rate Their Child's Health-Related Quality of Life? Results of a Systematic Review', Quality of Life Research, Vol. 10, No. 4; pp. 347-357; Frost, Marlene H, Bonomi, Amy E, Ferrans, Carol Estwing, Wong, Gilbert Y, Hays, Ron D and Clinical Significance Consensus Meeting Group (2002) 'Patient, Clinician, and Population Perspectives on Determining the Clinical Significance of Quality-of-Life Scores', Mayo Clinic Proceedings, Vol. 77, No. 5, pp. 488-494; Janse, AJ, Gemke, RJ, Uiterwaal, CS, Tweel, I van der, Kimpen, JL, and Sinnema, G (2004) 'Quality of Life: Patients and Doctors Don't Always Agree: a Meta-Analysis', Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, Vol. 57, No. 7, pp. 653 - 661.
105. Slevin, ML, Plant, H, Lynch, D et al (1988), 'Who Should Measure QOL, the Doctor or the Patient?', British Journal of Cancer, Vol. 57, pp. 109-112, cited in Bowling (1997), p. 7.
106. Keith (2001), p. 56.
107. Lehman, AF, Ward, NC and Linn, LS (1982), 'Chronic Mental Patients; the Quality of Life Issue.' American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 139, pp. 1271-1276, cited in Oliver et al (1995), p. 1.
108. Keith (2001), p. 52.
109. Schalock (2004), p. 210.
110. Diener and Suh (1997), p. 204.
111. Keith, Kenneth D (1996) 'Measuring Quality of Life Across Cultures: Issues and Challenges' in Schalock, Robert L (ed) Quality of Life. Vol. I. Conceptualization and measurement, Washington: American Association on Mental Retardation.
112. The WHOQOL Group (1995), pp. 1403-1404.
113. The WHOQOL Group (1995), p. 1406.
114. Cummins (1997), p. 128.
115. Michalos, Alex C (1985) 'Multiple Discrepancies Theory ( MDT)', Social Indicators Research, Vol. 16, pp. 347-413.
116. Day and Jankey (1996), p. 42.
117. Schalock (1996), p. 125.
118. Noll, H-H (2000) 'Social indicators and social reporting: the international experience' http://www.ccsd.ca/noll1.htm, cited in Rapley (2003), p.10.
119. Pollard, Elizabeth L and Lee, Patrice D (2003) 'Child Well-Being: a Systematic Review of the Literature', Social Indicators Research, Vol. 61, No. 1, p. 60.
120. Stewart, Kitty (2002) Measuring Well-Being and Exclusion in Europe's Regions. Case Paper 53. London: Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, London School of Economics.
121. Christoph, Bernhard and Noll, Heinz-Herbert. (2003) 'Subjective Well-Being in the European Union During the 90s', Social Indicators Research, Vol. 64, No. 3, p. 197.
122. Christoph and Noll (2003).
123. Christakopoulou, Sophia, Dawson, Jon and Aikaterini, Gari (2001) 'The Community Well-Being Questionnaire: Theoretical Context and Initial Assessment of Its Reliability and Validity', Social Indicators Research, Vol. 56, No. 3, p. 328.
124. Stewart (2002), p. 10.
125. Stewart (2002), p. 10.
126. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage (2005) Cultural Well-Being and Local Government. Report 1: Definitions and Contexts of Cultural Well-Being. Online at http://www.mch.govt.nz/cwb/resources.html#litreview , p. 1 [accessed 1 September 2005].
127. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage (2005), p. 3.
128. Helliwell, John F and Putnam, Robert D (2004) 'The Social Context of Well-Being', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (London) Series B, Vol. 359, p. 1435; Cummins et al (2003), p. 159.
129. Spiro, Avon III and Bosse, Raymond (2000) 'Relations Between Health-Related Quality of Life and Well-Being: The Gerontologist's New Clothes?', International Journal of Aging & Human Development, Vol. 50, No. 4, p. 314; Kimweli, David MS and Stilwell, William E (2002) 'Community Subjective Well-Being, Personality Traits and Quality of Life Therapy', Social Indicators Research, Vol. 60, Nos 1-3.
130. Haas (1999b), p. 7.
131. Cummins et al (2003), p. 159.
132. Helliwell and Putnam (2004); Spiro and Bosse (2000), p. 299.
133. Helliwell and Putnam (2004), p. 1435.
134. Moum, T (1996), Subjective Well-being As a Short and Long Term Predictor of Suicide in the General Population. Paper Presented at the World Conference on Quality of Life, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada; Sandvik, E, Diener, E and Seidlitz, L (1993), 'The Convergence and Stability of Self-Report and Non-Self-Report Measures, Journal of Personality,61, pp. 317 - 342; Layard, R (2003), 'Happiness: Has Social Science a Clue?' Lionel Robbins Memorial Lectures 2002/03, London School of Economics.
135. Veenhoven, R (1998), 'The utility of happiness', Social Indicators Research 20, pp. 333 - 354.
136 .Diener and Suh (1997), p. 200.
137. Diener and Suh (1997), p. 201.
138. Diener and Suh (1997), p. 206.
139. Haas (1999b), p. 5.
140. Diener and Suh (1997); Vittersø (2004); Lane, RE (1996) 'Quality of Life and Quality of Persons: A New Role for Government', p. 259, in Avner, Offer (ed) In Pursuit of the Quality of Life, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 256-293, quoted in ),
p. 197.
141. Taillefer et al (2003), p. 301.
142. See Bell, Annex 1, p. 95.
143. Bell, Annex 1, p. 105.
144. Bell, Annex 1, pp. 100 - 106.
145. Haas (1999b), p. 5; Kahn, Robert L and Juster, F Thomas (2002) 'Well-Being: Concepts and Measures', Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 58, No. 4, p. 641.
146. Vittersø (2004), pp. 299-300.
147. Schalock (2004), p. 205.
148. Haas (1999a), p. 740.
149. Haas (1999a), p. 741.
150. Haas (1999b), p. 8.
151. Birnbacher, Dieter (1999) 'Quality of Life - Evaluation or Description?', Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, Vol. 2, No. 1, p. 29.
152. Schalock (2004), p. 207.
153. See Diener, Ed (1995) 'A Value Based Index for Measuring National Quality of Life', Social Indicators Research, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 107-127.
154. Rejeski and Mihalko (2001), p. 24.
155. Bowling (1997); Perry, Jonathan (1995) 'Measure for Measure: How Do Measures of Quality of Life Compare?', British Journal of Learning Disabilities, Vol. 23, No. 4; Schalock (1996); Cummins (1997).
156. Haas (1999b), p. 6.
157. A scale is a series of self-report questions, ratings or items used to measure a concept. The response categories of the items are all in the same format, are summed and may be weighted.
158. Birnbacher (1999), p. 27.
159. Hagerty et al (2001), p. 14.
160. Bar-On, Dan, Lazar, Alon and Amir, Marianne (2000) 'Quantitative Assessment of Response Shift in QOL Research', Social Indicators Research, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 37-49; Bowling, Ann and Zahava, Gabriel (2004) 'An Integrational Model of Quality of Life in Older Age. Results From the ESRC/ MRCHSRC Quality of Life Survey in Britain', Social Indicators Research, Vol. 69, No. 1; Coffman, Don D and Adamek, Mary S (1999) 'The Contributions of Wind Band Participation to Quality of Life of Senior Adults', Music Therapy Perspectives, Vol. 17, No. 1.
161. Rapley (2003), p. 70.
162. Day and Jankey (1996), p. 46.
163. Haas (1999b), p. 7.
164. Bowling (1997), p. 13.
165. Diener and Suh (1997), p. 195.
166. Diener (1995), p. 108.
167. Diener (1995), p. 126.
168. Diener and Suh (1997), p. 207.
169. Schalock (1996), p. 124.
170. See Bowling (1997), p. 14.
171. Diener and Suh (1997), p. 197.
172. Cummins (1997), p. 122.
173. Felce and Perry (1995), pp. 58-59; Cummins (1997), p. 135.
174. Jermyn, Helen (2004) The Art of Inclusion. Research Report 35. London: Arts Council England; Jermyn, Helen (2001) The Arts and Social Exclusion: a Review Prepared for the Arts Council of England. London: Arts Council of England; Reeves, Michelle (2002) Measuring the Economic and Social Impact of the Arts: A Review. London: Arts Council England; Evans, Graeme and Shaw, Phyllida (2004) Contribution of Culture to Regeneration in the UK, the: a Review of Evidence. A Report to the Department for Culture Media and Sport. London: Department for Culture, Media and Sport.
175. Matarasso, Francois (1997) Use or Ornament? The Social Impact of Participation in the Arts. Stroud: Comedia, p. viii.
176. However just two of the 50 social impacts reported by Matarasso relate to the exact terms, and these are: "have a positive impact on how people feel", and "help improve the quality of life of people with poor health".
177. Coalter, Fred (2001) Realising the Potential of Cultural Services: The Case for the Arts. Research Briefing Twelve Point Four. London: Local Government Association, p. 22.
178. SHM Productions Ltd (2000) Art for Health. A Review of Good Practice in Community Based Arts Projects and Initiatives Which Impact on Health and Well-being. London: NHS Health Development Agency; Reeves (2002), p. 37.
179. Schalock, RL (2000, p. 117; 2004, p. 205).
180. Michalos, Alex C (2005) 'Arts and the Quality of Life: an Exploratory Study', Social Indicators Research, Vol. 71, Nos 1-3, p. 3.
181. Reeves (2002), p. 31; Ellis, Adrian (2003) 'Valuing Culture', Valuing Culture Conference, London, 17 June 2003, p. 7; Oakley, Kate (2004) Developing the Evidence Base for Support of Cultural and Creative Activities in South East England, http://www.semlac.org.uk/docs/Oakley%20Report%2012.4.04.pdf [accessed 14 November 2005], p. 20; Belfiore, Eleonora (2002) 'Art As a Means of Alleviating Social Exclusion; Does It Really Work?', International Journal of Cultural Policy, Vol. 8, No. 1, p. 104; Matarasso, Francois (2001) Cultural Indicators: A Preliminary Review of Issues Raised by Current Approaches (Paper Drafted Following a Meeting Held at the Arts Council of England in September 2000). Online at www.comedia.org.uk/downloads/ACEIND-1.DOC [accessed 20 July 2005], p. 2; Merli, Paolo (2002) 'Evaluating the Social Impact of Participation in Arts Activities', International Journal of Cultural Policy, Vol. 8, No. 1, p. 115.
182. Oakley (2004), p. 9.
183. Jackson, Maria-Rosario and Herranz, Joaquin Jr. (2002) Culture Counts in Communities: A Framework for Measurement. New York: Urban Institute, p. 32.
184. Jackson and Herranz (2002), p. 33.
185. Central Steering Group on Four Local Experiments (1977) Leisure and the Quality of Life: A Report of a Central Steering Committee on Four Local Experiments. London: HMSO. The Experiments were conducted under the auspices of the relevant local authorities and initiated and part sponsored by four central government departments, in association with the Arts Council of Great Britain (including the Scottish and Welsh Arts Councils, and the Sports Councils.
186. Coffman and Adamek (1999).
187. Burack, Orah R, Jefferson, Patrinila and Libow, Leslie S (2003) 'Individualized Music: A Route to Improving the Quality of Life for Long-Term Care Residents', Activities, Adaptation & Aging, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 63-76.
188. Wood, Nichola and Smith, Susan J (2004) 'Instrumental Routes to Emotional Geographies', Social and Cultural Geography, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp 534 - 548.
189. Michalos, Alex C and Zumbo, Bruno D (2000) Leisure Activities, Health and the Quality of Life. British Columbia: Institute for Social Research and Evaluation, University of Northern British Columbia.
190. Silverstein, Merril and Parker, MG (2002) 'Leisure Activities and Quality of Life Among the Oldest Old in Sweden', Research on Aging, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 528-547.
191. Kelly, S, McKenna, H and Parahoo, K (2001) 'The Relationship Between Involvement in Activities and Quality of Life for People With Severe and Enduring Mental Illness', Journal of Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 139-146.
192. Staricoff (2004).
193. Staricoff (2004).
194. Michalos (2005), pp. 17-19.
195. Coffman (2002), p. 82.
196. Coffman (2002), p. 85.
197. Coffman (2002), p. 85.
198. Coffman (2002), p. 83 includes in his citation list studies by Clift and Hanox (2001); Coffman and Adamek (1999, 2001); VanderArk, Newman and Bell (1983); Wise, Hartmann and Fisher (1992).
199. These were age, sex, income, education level, social network, long term disease, smoking and physical exercise. Bygren, Lars Olov, Konlaan, Boinkum B and Johannsson, Sven-Erik (1996) 'Unequal in Death. Attendance at Cultural Events, Reading Books or Periodicals, and Making Music or Singing in a Choir As Determinants for Survival: Swedish Interview Survey of Living Conditions', British Medical Journal, Vol. 313, No. 7072, p. 317.
200. Bygren et al (1996) p. 2.
201. Clift and Hancox (2001), cited in Coffman (2002), p. 83.
202. VanderArk et al (1983), cited in Coffman (2002), p. 84.
203. Coffman (2002), p. 84.
204. Ruud, Even (1997) 'Music and the Quality of Life', Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, Vol. 6, No. 2, p. 9.
205. Coffman and Adamek (1999).
206. Coffman and Adamek (1999), p. 31.
207. Coffman and Adamek (1999), p. 31.
208. Burack et al (2003).
209. This measurement instrument was developed by Logsdon, RG, Gibbons, LE, McCurry, SM and Teri,L (1999) 'Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease: Patient and Caregiver Reports', Journal of Mental Health and Aging, Vol. 5, No. xxx, pp. 21-32.
210. Burack et al (2003), p. 72.
211. Burack et al (2003), p. 74.
212. Wood and Smith (2004) p.534.
213. See Duffy, M, Smith S and Wood, N (2001) 'Musical Methodologies', paper, Annual Conference of the Association of American Geographers, New York, February/March cited in Wood and Smith (2004), p. 534.
214. Wood and Smith (2004), p. 541.
215. Duffy et al (2001), pp. 543-544.
216. Duffy et al (2001), p. 542.
217. Duffy et al (2001), p. 543.
218. Duffy et al (2001), p. 544.
219. Duffy et al (2001), p. 544.
220. Michalos (2005).
221. Michalos (2005), p. 4.
222. Michalos (2005), p. 15.
223. Michalos (2005), p. 22.
224. Michalos and Zumbo (2000).
225. Michalos (2005).
226. Silverstein and Parker (2002).
227. The survey data was drawn from the Swedish Panel Study of Living Conditions of the Oldest Old ( SWEOLD), which used a sample originated from the Swedish Level of Living Survey ( SLLS), a national random probability study of 6000 adults - Silverstein and Parker (2002), p. 531.
228. Silverstein and Parker (2002), p. 532.
229. Silverstein and Parker (2002), p. 545.
230. Silverstein and Parker (2002), p. 545.
231. Kelly (2001).
232. Bowling and Gabriel (2004).
233. Bowling and Gabriel (2004), p. 20.
234. Bowling and Gabriel (2004), p. 29.
235. Bowling and Gabriel (2004), p. 19.
236. Bowling and Gabriel (2004), p. 19.
237. Bowling and Gabriel (2004), appendix three, p. 28.
238. The music and QOL literature has a considerable overlap with health, and some of this has therefore recently been reviewed in Staricoff (2004) as referred to above.
239. Coffman (2002), p. 76.
240. Michalos (2005); Kelly (2001).
241. Michalos (2005).
242. Studies that can be excepted from this finding are: Bowling and Gabriel (2004); Silverstein and Parker (2002); and Kelly (2001).
243. Bowling and Gabriel (2004); Coffman and Adamek (1999).
244. Bowling and Gabriel (2004).
245. Duxbury, Nancy (2003) 'Cultural Indicators and Benchmarks in Community Indicator Projects: Performance Measures for Cultural Investment?', Accounting for Culture: Examining the Building Blocks of Cultural Citizenship Conference, Gatineau, Quebec, 13-15 November 2003, pp. 2-4; Oakley (2004), p. 9.
246. Oakley (2004), p. 9.
247. Baeker, Greg (2002) Measures and Indicators in Local Cultural Development. Online at http://www.culturalplanning.ca/mcpp/mcpp_indicators.pdf [accessed 14 November 2005], p. 14.
248. IFACCA define a cultural indicator as "a statistic that can be used to make sense of, monitor, or evaluate some aspect of culture (such as the arts, or cultural policies, programs and activities)", International Federation of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies ( IFACCA) (2005) Statistical Indicators for Arts Policy. Sydney: IFACCA, p. 11.
249. Duxbury (2003), p. 2; The Boston Foundation (2005) Thinking Globally/Acting Locally. A Regional Wake-Up Call. A Summary of the Boston Indicators Report 2002-2004. Boston, Massachusetts: The Boston Foundation.
250. Baeker (2002); Duxbury (2003).
251. See Janzen, Bonnie (2003) An Evaluation of the Federation of Canadian Municipalities Quality of Life Reporting System. Saskatchewan, Canada: CUISR, University of Saskatchewan.
252. Baeker (2002).
253. IFACCA (2005), p. 3.
254. Jackson, Maria-Rosario, Herranz, Joaquin Jr., and Kabwasa-Green, Florence (2003) Art and Culture in Communities: A Framework for Measurement. Policy Brief No.1 of the Culture, Creativity, and Communities Program. Washington DC: The Urban Institute.
255. Stern, Mark J and Seifert, Susan C (1998) Working Paper 7. Cultural Participation and Civic Engagement In Five Philadelphia Neighborhoods. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania, School of Social Work.
256. Stern, Mark J and Seifert, Susan C (2002) Culture Builds Community Evaluation: Summary Report. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania, School of Social Work.
257. John S and James L Knight Foundation, Princeton Survey Research Associates International, and The Urban Institute (2001) Listening and Learning: Community Indicator Profiles of Knight Foundation Communities and the Nation. Miami: John S and James L Knight Foundation.
258. Cultural Initiatives Silicon Valley (2003) Creative Community Index: Measuring Progress Toward a Vibrant Silicon Valley. Silicon Valley: Cultural Initiatives Silicon Valley.
259. Swain, David (2005) 2004 Quality of Life Progress Report: a Guide for Building a Better Community. Jacksonville: Jacksonville Community Council Inc.
260. Essex County Council (2003) Creative Consequences: The Contribution and Impact of the Arts in Essex: 2001/02. London: Local Government Association.
261. Morris Hargreaves McIntyre (2005) The Value of Culture. Shropshire: Shropshire County Council.
262. Kopczynski, Mary and Hager, Mark (2003) Denver: Performing Arts Research Coalition Community Report 2002. First Year Findings From the Denver Household Survey. Denver: Pew Charitable Trusts.
263. Center for Arts and Public Policy of the College of Fine, Performing and Communication Arts Wayne State University (1996) Arts & Culture and the Quality of Life in Michigan Part I: The Influence of the Arts and Michigan's Anchor Organizations, Michigan: Michigan Council for Arts and Cultural Affairs.
264. The Urban Institute is a non-profit non-partisan policy research and educational organisation concerned with social, economic and governance issues. Web site - http://www.urban.org .
265. Jackson et al (2003), p. 1.
266. Jackson and Herranz (2002), p. 35.
267. Jackson and Herranz (2002), p. 33.
268. Jackson and Herranz (2002); Jackson et al (2003).
269. ACIP 'principles for measurement', Urban Institute website http://www.urban.org/nnip/acipprinciples.html [accessed 18 August 2005].
270. ACIP 'principles for measurement'.
271. Jackson and Herranz (2002), p. 38.
272. Jackson and Herranz (2002), p. 34.
273. Jackson et al (2003), pp. 3-4.
274. Jackson and Herranz (2002), p. 37.
275. Jackson and Herranz (2002), p. 43.
276. Stern, Mark J and Seifert, Susan C (2005) Philadelphia and Camden Cultural Participation Benchmark Project. Final Report. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania, School of Social Work, p. 1.
277. Mundell, Leah, Suess, Grethen, Gold, Eva and Simon, Elaine (2005) Meanings of Cultural Participation at the Neighbourhood Level: a Focus Group Analysis. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania, School of Social Work.
278. Stern and Seifert (2002), p. i.
279. Stern and Seifert (2002), p. i.
280. Stern and Seifert (2002), p. 1.
281. Stern and Seifert (2002), p. 5.
282. Stern and Seifert (2002), p. 5.
283. Stern and Seifert (2002), p. 20.
284. Stern and Seifert (2002), p. 8.
285. Stern and Seifert (2002), p. 14.
286. Stern and Seifert (1998).
287. Stern and Seifert (2002), pp. 14-16.
288. Stern and Seifert (2002), p. 17.
289. The so-called 'Knight communities' are the 26 communities across the USA where the Knight brothers published newspapers during their lifetime, and where their charitable foundation "has an enduring commitment to support non-profit efforts to improve the quality of life" - John S and James L Knight Foundation et al (2001), p. 11.
290. John S and James L Knight Foundation et al (2001), p. 13.
291. John S and James L Knight Foundation et al (2001), p. 14.
292. John S and James L Knight Foundation et al (2001), p. 135.
293. John S and James L Knight Foundation et al (2001), p. 142.
294. John S and James L Knight Foundation et al (2001), p. 142.
295. John S and James L Knight Foundation et al (2001), p. 150.
296. Three Knight Foundation communities were selected for this work - Fort Wayne, Indiana; Charlotte, North Carolina; and San Jose. Cultural Initiatives Silicon Valley (2003).
297. Cultural Initiatives Silicon Valley (2003), preface.
298. Cultural Initiatives Silicon Valley (2003), p. 13.
299. Cultural Initiatives Silicon Valley (2003), p. 5.
300. Cultural Initiatives Silicon Valley (2003), p. 5.
301. Cultural Initiatives Silicon Valley (2003), p. 7.
302. Swain (2005).
303. Swain (2005), p. 5.
304. Essex County Council (2003), p. 7.
305. Essex County Council (2003), p. 7.
306. Essex County Council (2003), p. 9.
307. Essex County Council (2003), p. 16.
308. Essex County Council (2003), p. 37.
309. Essex County Council (2003), p. 7.
310. Essex County Council (2003), p. 8.
311. Essex County Council (2003), p. 10.
312. Morris Hargreaves McIntyre (2005), appendix one, p. 7.
313. Morris Hargreaves McIntyre (2005), p. 37.
314. Morris Hargreaves McIntyre (2005), p. 13.
315. Denver was one of 10 pilot communities selected for research by the national Performing Arts Research Coalition ( PARC), which includes five major national performing arts service organisations. The overall aims of the project are to help performing arts organisations across the US improve their management, collaborative work, advocacy, and responsiveness to their communities.
316. Swain (2005), pp. 35-40.
317. Swain (2005), p. 42.
318. Center for Arts and Public Policy of the College of Fine, Performing and Communication Arts Wayne State University (1996) Arts & Culture and the Quality of Life in Michigan Part I: The Influence of the Arts and Michigan's Anchor Organizations. Michigan: Michigan Council for Arts and Cultural Affairs.
319. Center for Arts and Public Policy of the College of Fine, Performing and Communication Arts Wayne State University (1996), p. 5.
320. Center for Arts and Public Policy of the College of Fine, Performing and Communication Arts Wayne State University (1996), p. 22.
321. Jackson and Herranz (2002); Jackson et al (2003); Stern and Seifert (1998); Stern and Seifert (2002).
322. Cultural Initiatives Silicon Valley (2003).
323. John S and James L Knight Foundation et al (2001); Essex County Council (2003).
324. Morris Hargreaves McIntyre (2005).
325. John S and James L Knight Foundation et al (2001); Swain (2005).
326. For a policy definition of physical activity and health see Physical Activity Task Force (2003) Let's Make Scotland More Active: A Strategy for Physical Activity. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive, p. 12.
327. http://www.sportengland.org/vosm
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