Scottish Government

L. Barker, and D. Connolly, MVA
ISBN 0 7559 2746 X
ISSN 0950 2254
This document is also available in pdf format (904k)

CONTENTS

Foreword

Executive Summary
Background

1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction

2 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
2.3 Current Trends
2.28 Attitudes Associated with Mode Choice
2.32 Influences on Mode Choice
2.36 Alternatives to Car Use and Attitudes Towards Bus Travel
2.53 Barriers Preventing Modal Shift
2.75 Encouraging Modal Shift
2.116 Government Policy
2.122 Scottish Executive Policy
2.124 Improving Public Transport
2.127 Changing Attitudes
2.128 Walking and Cycling
2.139 Travel to School
2.140 Working With Employers
2.341 Development and Land Use Policies
2.143 Transferability of Best Practice

3 Car Availability
3.1 Impact of Car Ownership on Mode Choice
3.5 Alternative Car Availability Measures
3.12 National Car Ownership Models
3.15 The National Car Ownership Model and SHS Variables
3.16 Analysis of SHS Data Considering Only National Car Ownership Model Factors
3.19 Car Owning vs Non-Car Owning Households
3.33 Multi-Car Owning Behaviour
3.38 Additional Analysis of Car Availability
3.41 Summary of Car Availability Analysis

4 Car Vs Public Transport
4.1 Introduction
4.11 Analysis
4.15 Full Drivers Licence
4.23 Characteristics and Attitudes of Full Drivers Licence Holders
4.30 The Convenience of Public Transport
4.34 Analysis of Provisional Licence Holders and Non-Drivers
4.42 Other Licence-Holding Categories
4.46 Summary of Public Transport vs Car Analysis

5 Non-Motorised Modes
5.18 Cycling

6 Travel to School
6.4 Walking/Cycling vs Car
6.10 HBSC Data
6.14 Analysis Using HBSC Data
6.23 Summary of School Travel Analysis

7 Recommendations
7.1 Introduction
7.5 Car Availability
7.10 Car vs Public Transport
7.22 Non-Motorised vs Motorised Mode Choice
7.32 School Travel
7.41 Suggestions for Further Work

8 References

SHS Mode Choice Technical Annex
Chapter 4 Car Availability
Chapter Five Car Vs Public Transport
Chapter 6 'Non-Motorised Modes' - Walking and Cycling'
Chapter 7 School Travel

Tables

Table 3.1 Main Mode Proportions by Household Car Ownership
Table 3.2 Mode Share by Household Car Ownership
Table 3.3 Household Type Definitions
Table 3.4 Car Ownership and Income
Table 3.5CHAID Analysis of Household Access to a Car
Table 3.6CHAID Analysis of Household Access to a Car
Table 3.7CHAID Analysis of Households With Access to a Car by Frequency of Bus Service at Household Address
Table 3.8 Proportion of C2+ Households by Household Income
Table 3.9CHAID Table Analysis of Car Available Households With Access to Two or More Cars
Table 4.1 Public Transport and Car Mode Definitions
Table 4.2 Car and Public Transport Mode Split
Table 4.3 Generalised Cost Ratios and Proportions Using Public Transport
Table 4.4CHAID Analysis of Car vs Public Transport Trips for SHS Travel Diary Trips Where the Respondent Had Full Drivers Licence
Table 4.5 Number of Records With 'Car Chooser' and 'Public Transport Chooser' Categories
Table 4.6 Views on Convenience of Public Transport
Table 4.7 Competitiveness of Public Transport (Generalised Cost Ratio) and Proportions Using Public Transport
Table 4.8CHAID Analysis of Car vs Public Transport Trips for SHS Travel Diary Trips of Provisional Licence Holders and Non-Drivers
Table 5.1 Distance and Proportions Using Non-Motorised Modes
Table 5.2CHAID Analysis of Proportion of Non-Motorised Journey Stages by Distance
Table 5.3 Bicycle Ownership, Household Type and Cycling Trip Rate
Table 5.4 Proportion of Random Audit Respondents Who Had Used a Bicycle in the Previous Seven Days
Table 5.5 Bike Available Households and Proportions Cycling by Sex
Table 5.6 Bike Available Households and Proportions Cycling by Council Area
Table 5.7 Bike Available Households and Proportions Cycling by Number of Adults in Household
Table 5.8 Bike Available Households and Proportions Cycling by Household Type
Table 5.9 Proportion Cycling to Work/Education by Council Area (Census 2001)
Table 6.1 Proportion Walking/Cycling by Distance
Table 6.2CHAID Analysis of Mode of Travel to School(Walking/Cycling vs Car)
Table 6.3 Primary School Car Ownership and Proportion Walking/Cycling
Table 6.4 Secondary School Car Ownership and Proportions Walking/Cycling

Figures

Figure 3.1 Household Car Availability: Proportion of Households with Access to a Car
Figure 3.2 Household Car Availability: Proportion of Households with Access to a Car
Figure 3.3 Household Car Availability: Proportion of Car Available Households with Access to a Car by Frequency of Bus Service at Household Address
Figure 3.4 Proportion of Car Available Households with Access to Two or More Cars
Figure 4.1CHAID Analysis of Car vs Public Transport Trips for SHS Travel Diary Trips where the Respondent Had a Full Drivers Licence
Figure 4.2 Frequency of Public Transport Use
Figure 4.3 Frequency of Car Use
Figure 4.4 Views on the Local Bus Service
Figure 4.5CHAID Analysis of Car vs Public Transport Trips for SHS Travel Diary Trips of Provisional Licence Holders and Non-Drivers
Figure 5.1 Trip Length Distributions for Walk and Cycle
Figure 5.2CHAID Analysis of Proportion of Non-Motorised Journey Stages by Distance
Figure 5.3 Non-Motorised Proportions by Car Ownership Journey Purpose
Figure 5.4 Proportion of Non-Motorised Mode by Journey Purpose
Figure 5.5 Proportion of Non-Motorised Mode by Employment Status
Figure 5.6 Proportion of Non-Motorised Mode by Licence Type
Figure 5.7 Proportion of Non-Motorised Mode by Age
Figure 5.8 Proportion of Non-Motorised Mode by Scottish Six-Way Rural/Remoteness Classification
Figure 5.9 Proportion Cycling to Work/Education by Council Area (Census 2001)
Figure 6.1CHAID Analysis of Mode of Travel to School (Walking/Cycling vs Car)
Figure 6.2 Car Ownership and Frequency of Cycling/Walking
Figure 7.1 Proportion of Public Transport Trips and Competitiveness of Public Transport

The views expressed in this report are those of the researcher and
do not necessarily represent those of the Department or Scottish Ministers.