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TOURISM, CULTURE AND SPORT
To enhance everyone's quality of life in Scotland through widening participation in sport and culture and building on a successful and sustainable tourism and creative industries sector to grow the Scottish economy, creating jobs and opportunities.
OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS
Objective 1 | | To ensure that people of all ages have the opportunity to take part in a variety of cultural and sporting activities. |
Objective 2 | | To support social inclusion by ensuring the widest possible involvement in cultural, social and sporting opportunities. |
Target | 1 | Increase numbers taking part in cultural activities funded by the Scottish Executive by 3% by end March 2008, maintaining the balance of participation across the population. |
Target | 2 | Increase numbers taking part in sport by 3% by end March 2008, maintaining the balance of participation across the population. |
Objective 3 | | To promote a high standard of conservation of historic buildings and to promote the highest standards of contemporary buildings. |
Target | 3 | By 2007-08, Historic Scotland will target investment in the 6 City Heritage Trusts, attracting additional investment at a rate of £2.50 for each £1 from Historic Scotland; and expand the programme of conservation training to train 66 craftsmen in total. |
Target | 4 | Maintain or increase by end March 2008 the number of nominations secured by Scottish practices for prestigious architectural awards |
Objective 4 | | To generate jobs and wealth for Scotland by promoting and developing the creative industries. |
Target | 5 | Year on year real terms increase of Scottish Creative Industries Gross Value Added ( GVA) to end 2007. |
Objective 5 | | To develop Scotland's tourism potential through VisitScotland and Historic Scotland and in partnership with all relevant bodies. |
Target | 6 | Year on year real terms increase of Scottish tourism Gross Value Added ( GVA) to end 2007. |
Target | 7 | Year on year real terms increase in gross tourism revenues in areas outside Glasgow and Edinburgh to end 2007. |
Target | 8 | Year on year increase in average Quality Assurance rating of all Scottish tourism products by working closely with the industry. |
Objective 6 | | To promote excellence in sport and culture. |
Target | 9 | Increase the number of Scottish sportsmen and women performing at the highest level by 3% by end March 2008. |
Target | 10 | Increase the number of cultural successes by 3% by end March 2008. |
Spending Plans 2002-08
Table 4.01 Categories of spending (Level 3)
£000s | 2002-03 Budget | 2003-04 Budget | 2004-05 Budget | 2005-06 Budget | 2006-07 Plans | 2007-08 Plans |
|---|
VisitScotland | 28,474 | 31,765 | 33,765 | 42,265 | 47,515 | 43,765 |
|---|
National Institutions | 57,361 | 58,861 | 59,752 | 62,526 | 73,926 | 66,126 |
|---|
Scottish Arts Council | 35,410 | 36,419 | 47,469 | 54,344 | 60,469 | 56,069 |
|---|
Other arts and culture | 21,545 | 26,336 | 23,240 | 27,651 | 30,651 | 42,901 |
|---|
sportscotland | 13,687 | 15,387 | 29,005 | 25,878 | 33,705 | 34,305 |
|---|
Historic Scotland | 36,787 | 37,287 | 39,644 | 42,575 | 44,425 | 47,725 |
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Total | 193,264 | 206,055 | 232,875 | 255,239 | 290,691 | 290,891 |
|---|
Table 4.02 Categories of spending (Level 3 real terms)at 2005-06 prices
£000s | 2002-03 Budget | 2003-04 Budget | 2004-05 Budget | 2005-06 Budget | 2006-07 Plans | 2007-08 Plans |
|---|
VisitScotland | 30,581 | 33,240 | 34,609 | 42,265 | 46,266 | 41,494 |
|---|
National Institutions | 61,605 | 61,593 | 61,246 | 62,526 | 71,983 | 62,695 |
|---|
Scottish Arts Council | 38,030 | 38,110 | 48,656 | 54,344 | 58,880 | 53,160 |
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Other arts and culture | 23,139 | 27,559 | 23,821 | 27,651 | 29,845 | 40,675 |
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sportscotland | 14,700 | 16,101 | 29,730 | 25,878 | 32,819 | 32,525 |
|---|
Historic Scotland | 39,509 | 39,018 | 40,635 | 42,575 | 43,257 | 45,249 |
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Total | 207,562 | 215,620 | 238,699 | 255,239 | 283,050 | 275,799 |
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What the budget does
The Tourism Culture and Sport portfolio is central to Scotland's future wellbeing. It contributes to economic development, better quality of life, prosperity and ambition. It promotes a Scotland which is vibrant, confident and healthy - a Scotland which is a desirable place to visit, to live and work in, now and in the future. We aim to improve access to cultural and sporting activities for all and we support the pursuit of excellence.
The Tourism, Culture and Sport budget supports relevant central government policies and the activities of a range of national institutions, non-departmental public bodies and other delivery bodies. The majority of the rest of the funding for tourism culture and sport is allocated to local authorities through the Local Government budget and is accounted for in Table 4.09.
Statement of priorities
In 2006-07 and 2007-08, we will focus our resources on widening participation in sport and culture and building on successful and sustainable tourism and creative industries sectors to create jobs and opportunities by:
building on Scotland's many attractions and natural resources to further strengthen the performance of Scottish tourism as one of the strongest performing sectors of the economy;
developing stronger partnerships with the tourism industry, continuing to invest in the quality of the Scottish tourism product including investing through the enterprise networks in people and skills; and in tourism product development;
further strengthening the marketing of Scotland in the global tourism market, and building on our country's many attractions and natural resources to build on Scotland's performance as an all-year-round destination;
leading the visitor attraction sector through Historic Scotland, and protecting and conserving our historic environment;
fostering an environment in which creativity and the creative industries can flourish;
continuing the development of a network of world class national and regional sports facilities to improve access and opportunities for the development of high performance sport; promoting the widest possible participation in sport, bringing benefits to communities and individuals in terms of health and well-being, confidence and self-esteem, and competitive excellence;
protecting and developing our cultural heritage and promoting a high quality built environment; and promoting the widest possible participation in cultural life, bringing real benefits to the confidence, self-esteem and diversity of communities and individuals; and celebrating and promoting Scottish art and culture at home and abroad; and
helping the Gaelic language flourish alongside Scotland's other languages.
In everything that we do we are committed to ensuring that we work to grow the economy, to promote equality and close the opportunity gap, and to ensure that our activities are sustainable.
New resources and transfers
Our spending plans include the following changes made since the publication of Draft Budget 2005-06:
sportscotland
sportscotland provision of £21.227m in 2005-06 only has been transferred to Central Unallocated Provision (the CUP) for future provision for sports facilities as part of the scheduling of the Sports Facilities Strategy in the light of bids received from local authorities and likely timescales for the work.
National Institutions
In January 2005, Ministers committed an additional £1.8m to the acquisition of the Murray Archive by the National Library of Scotland, in addition to the £6.5m pledge in 2004, bringing the Executive's contribution to £8.3m.
VisitScotland
VisitScotland's budget for its baseline activities is being maintained at the record level of £43.4m through to 2007-08.
Growing the Economy
Tourism, culture and sport have a crucial contribution to make to growing the Scottish economy. The most significant contribution of the portfolio to economic development is through Tourism, ) notes is particularly important in promoting opportunity and encouraging investment, employment and productivity in rural areasFEDS Scotland ( Framework for Economic Development inwhich the . The benefits of culture and sport can also be significant. Promoting and widening participation in top quality cultural and sporting activities helps young people develop a range of important skills such as self confidence, creativity and social skills and equips them for life and the world of work. Within the cultural arena, the creative industries are also increasingly important in a global marketplace which puts a premium on innovation.
We will grow the economy by:
building on Scotland's many attractions and natural resources to further strengthen the performance of Scottish tourism as one of the strongest performing sectors of the economy;
investing in our culture and our heritage, through tourism, support for the arts and the 2007 Year of Highland Culture - increasing total expenditure across the Tourism, Culture and Sport portfolio;
maintaining the recent record increase in the level of VisitScotland's marketing spend to continue to grow Scottish tourism and the economy;
improving the range and quality of Scotland's tourism product by investing in support for the Year of Highland Culture in 2007;
developing stronger partnerships with the tourism industry, continuing to invest in the quality of the Scottish tourism product including investing through the enterprise networks in people and skills and in product development; and by
fostering an environment in which creativity and the creative industries can flourish.
Closing the Opportunity Gap/Promoting Equality
Closing the Opportunity Gap
Arts, culture and sport can be hugely instrumental in helping to develop personal self-confidence; new life-skills such as communication and team-working; good health; and employability. They also have an important role in sustaining, developing and regenerating communities, and the local environment.
We will close the opportunity gap by:
exploring the notion of citizen-centred cultural rights in developing our response to the Cultural Commission's Review of Culture in Scotland, with a view to promoting access to high quality cultural output (see the Equality section for further information about the Review);
continuing to support the Dewar Art Award scheme, which provides awards ranging from £1,500 for a new musical instrument to over £50,000 for an advanced course of study overseas, for exceptionally talented young Scottish artists who need financial assistance and support to enable them to develop their talent;
investing in the Youth Music Initiative (£10m in 2006-07) to give all schoolchildren the opportunity participate in music making;
providing free access to all Historic Scotland sites for one weekend each year to encourage visits by groups who might otherwise feel excluded. The events programme has been developed to encourage participation by local people. Historic Scotland also provided over 60,000 free school visits last year;
revitalising sports and other physical activities amongst schoolchildren through the Active Schools Programme in which £12m will be invested in 2006-07. Further information about this and other work to encourage children to be active is included in the Education and Young People portfolio chapter; and
implementing the National and Regional Sports Facilities Strategy which aims to put in place by 2009 a network of new and refurbished multi-sport facilities for training and competition supported by over £50m of investment.
Many of the examples of work in the Equality section below, such as the work to increase access to cultural and sporting activities for under-represented groups which includes both equality groups and people experiencing other forms of social exclusion or deprivation, also contribute to our work on closing the opportunity gap.
Promoting Equality
Many of our targets and objectives aim to promote equality and make Scotland a more inclusive society, a society which champions, celebrates and encourages participation in many different forms of indigenous and non-indigenous artistic, cultural and sporting activities. Equality, and in particular encouraging greater access to culture and sport for those sections of the community who have not traditionally felt welcome, underpins the delivery of objectives and Targets 1 and 2 above.
Specific work to promote equality includes:
continuing to drive forward the First Minister's St Andrew's Day vision to extend the beneficial impacts of culture across Scotland's communities; responding to the Cultural Commission's Review of Culture in Scotland which was published in June 2005 (to see the Review go to http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Arts-Culture/19347/18411); and building on the One Scotland theme of St Andrew's Day in 2005;
the cultural agencies' continuing commitment to promote cultural participation, including access by under-represented groups, including the implementation of the Scottish Arts Council strategies on audience development and cultural diversity and the outreach and education work of the national companies funded by the Scottish Arts Council (Scottish Ballet, Scottish Opera, Royal Scottish National Orchestra and Scottish Chamber Orchestra). 2006-07 will also be the first full year of productions from the new National Theatre of Scotland (£4m funding in 2006-07), which will increase the range of venues offering high quality drama and opportunities for young people to participate;
gathering evidence and conducting research on attitudes to and participation in cultural and sporting activities disaggregated by gender, ethnicity, disability, age and other factors;
supporting the development of the Gaelic language and Gaelic arts and culture through funding of £5.394m in 2006-07 to Bòrd na Gàidhlig and £8.7m Gaelic broadcasting. More about our work to develop Gaelic is in the Other Arts and Culture section below. Additional but presently unquantified expenditure is also spent on Gaelic medium education, including teacher training;
introducing a National Languages Strategy to guide the development and support of Scotland's languages, including British Sign Language and ethnic community languages;
investing £500,000 in 2006-07 in the Clubgolf initiative which aims by 2009 to introduce all children in Scotland to golf by the time they are 9 years old, which includes a particular focus on increasing the number of girls who participate in golf;
investing £1.2m in 2006-07 in women's and girls' football, the fastest growing sport in Scotland; and
the Show Racism the Red Card campaign will continue to encourage people from minority ethnic communities to watch and participate in football. Further information about this is in the Communities portfolio chapter.
In addition, sportscotland are working closely with the Scottish Executive's Equality Unit and the Equality Proofing Budget and Policy Advisory Group on a pilot project looking at the gender impact of policy and expenditure on sport (and on another pilot project in the area of smoking prevention and cessation). Initial analysis of the data identified in the pilot on sport underlines a marked difference in participation rates among girls and boys. According to Scotland's Physical Activity Task Force, 40% of girls take less than the recommended 60 minutes of moderate physical activity per day compared with 27% of boys. Our commitment to equality will be enhanced by utilising information from these pilot studies to identify gender differences and better inform and link policy priorities, resource allocation and implementation.
Sustainable Development
Sustainable development will be enhanced by:
tourism initiatives, such as increasing the membership of the Green Tourism Business Scheme, which benefit both the environment and the Scottish economy. This scheme not only helps tourism businesses save money by improving their environmental performance and protecting Scotland's key asset - the environment - but in doing so it helps protect the attractions which are so valued by our visitors;
providing support for the "Sust" initiative managed by The Lighthouse which provides guidance on sustainable design and promotes a better understanding of sustainable design issues to a wider audience; and
Historic Environment Grants, which go to the heart of sustainable development. They seek to preserve a resource, our historic environment, for future generations. The repair and re-use of historic buildings requires less materials and energy than building anew.
VISITSCOTLAND
Spending Plans 2002-08
Table 4.03 More detailed categories of spending
£000s | 2002-03 Budget | 2003-04 Budget | 2004-05 Budget | 2005-06 Budget | 2006-07 Plans | 2007-08 Plans |
|---|
VisitScotland | 28,474 | 31,765 | 33,765 | 42,265 | 47,515 | 43,765 |
|---|
Total | 28,474 | 31,765 | 33,765 | 42,265 | 47,515 | 43,765 |
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What the budget does
This budget supports VisitScotland, which has a strategic role as the lead body in developing Scottish tourism. Its principal functions are marketing, visitor servicing, research and helping Scotland's 27,000 tourism and hospitality businesses achieve the ambition to grow tourism revenues by 50% by 2015.
In 2006-07 and 2007-08, we will:
build on Scotland's many attractions and natural resources to further strengthen the performance of Scottish tourism as one of the strongest performing sectors of the economy;
develop stronger partnerships with the tourism industry, continuing to invest in the quality of the Scottish tourism product including investing through the enterprise networks in people and skills and in tourism product development;
further strengthening the marketing of Scotland in the global tourism market, and building on our country's many attractions and natural resources to build on Scotland's performance as an all-year-round destination;
aspire to be one of the world's foremost events destinations by 2015 and use major sporting and cultural events as a platform to promote tourism and display Scotland's potential; and
continue to improve the range and quality of Scotland's tourism product, in particular by investing in the Highland Year of Culture 2007.
NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Spending Plans 2002-08
Table 4.04 More detailed categories of spending
£000s | 2002-03 Budget | 2003-04 Budget | 2004-05 Budget | 2005-06 Budget | 2006-07 Plans | 2007-08 Plans |
|---|
National Museums of Scotland | 25,053 | 28,663 | 28,778 | 30,127 | 28,111 | 28,864 |
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National Galleries of Scotland | 15,549 | 13,199 | 13,562 | 15,139 | 23,139 | 15,739 |
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National Library of Scotland | 16,759 | 16,999 | 17,412 | 17,260 | 22,676 | 21,523 |
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Total | 57,361 | 58,861 | 59,752 | 62,526 | 73,926 | 66,126 |
|---|
What the budget does
This budget supports the core activities of the National Institutions (the National Museums, Galleries and Library of Scotland) which have an important and central role in the maintenance and understanding of Scotland's cultural heritage and diversity. They preserve and display Scotland's heritage, art, book and manuscript collections for people's enjoyment and education in centres of research and excellence that are of UK and international importance.
In January 2005, we provided an additional £1.8m to the National Library of Scotland for the purchase of the Murray Archive, in addition to the £6.5m awarded in 2004.
By 2007-08 we will complete funding of the £9.1m project of improvements to the Royal Museum by the National Museums of Scotland.
We will also ensure that we secure the best possible value for money by ensuring that cultural governance arrangements are fit for purpose and by implementing the outcomes of quinquennial reviews of the three National Institutions.
SCOTTISH ARTS COUNCIL
Spending Plans 2002-08
Table 4.05 More detailed categories of spending
£000s | 2002-03 Budget | 2003-04 Budget | 2004-05 Budget | 2005-06 Budget | 2006-07 Plans | 2007-08 Plans |
|---|
Scottish Arts Council | 35,410 | 36,419 | 38,969 | 40,344 | 46,469 | 42,069 |
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National Theatre | - | - | 3,500 | 4,000 | 4,000 | 4,000 |
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Music Tuition 1 | - | - | 5,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 |
|---|
Total | 35,410 | 36,419 | 47,469 | 54,344 | 60,469 | 56,069 |
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Note:
1. Funding for Music Tuition for 2003-04 included under 'Other Arts'.
What the budget does
The Scottish Arts Council ( SAC) is the main channel for government sponsorship of the arts in Scotland and supports a wide range of arts organisations across Scotland, including the Edinburgh Festivals and many smaller organisations and individuals. The four national companies - Scottish Opera, Scottish Ballet, the Royal Scottish National Orchestra and the Scottish Chamber Orchestra - are all supported by SAC grants.
In 2006-07, to mark the Highland Year of Culture 2007, we will provide a one-off capital grant of £5m for the renovation of the Eden Court Theatre in Inverness. This will benefit the visual and performing arts and improve the range and quality of Scotland's tourism product.
OTHER ARTS AND CULTURE
Spending Plans 2002-08
Table 4.06 More detailed categories of spending
£000s | 2002-03 Budget | 2003-04 Budget | 2004-05 Budget | 2005-06 Budget | 2006-07 Plans | 2007-08 Plans |
|---|
Non-National Museums | 2,441 | 3,441 | 3,441 | 3,441 | 3,541 | 4,041 |
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Cultural Organisations | 369 | 360 | 360 | 4,360 | 2,360 | 2,360 |
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Festivals | - | - | - | - | 225 | 4,325 |
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Arts Research | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
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Scottish Screen | 3,358 | 2,358 | 3,108 | 3,108 | 3,208 | 3,308 |
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Other Arts | - | 1,300 | - | - | - | - |
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Bòrd na Gàidhlig 1 | 1,094 | 2,594 | 2,594 | 2,894 | 5,394 | 4,644 |
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Gaelic Broadcasting | 9,000 | 8,500 | 8,500 | 8,500 | 8,700 | 8,900 |
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Architecture/Lighthouse | 300 | 300 | 300 | 300 | 325 | 350 |
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Promotion of Scotland | 1,500 | 1,500 | 911 | 911 | 261 | 261 |
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Architecture and Design Scotland | 202 | 202 | 327 | 327 | 752 | 752 |
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Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland | 3,276 | 3,276 | 3,694 | 3,805 | 5,880 | 13,955 |
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Music Development 2 | - | 2,500 | - | - | - | - |
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Total | 21,545 | 26,336 | 23,240 | 27,651 | 30,651 | 42,901 |
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Notes:
1. Figures for Bord na Gaidhlig include £0.75m towards a Centre for Creative and Cultural Industries at Sabhal Mor Ostaig, which will be transferred to ETLLD for disbursement through Highlands and Islands Enterprise.
2. Music Development funding under 'Scottish Arts Council' from 2004-05 onwards.
What the budget does
This budget provides funding for architecture, heritage records (through the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland), film (through Scottish Screen) and Gaelic and cultural organisations.
Architecture and Design Scotland is a new public body established in April 2005 as the new national champion for good architecture, design and planning in the built environment, taking over and extending the existing functions of the Royal Fine Art Commission for Scotland.
The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland is a Non Departmental Public Body ( NDPB) which surveys and records the man-made environment of Scotland and compiles and maintains the National Monuments Record of Scotland.
Scottish Screen is the national body for the promotion of film culture, of Scotland as a location for film and Television production, and for the development of a sustainable indigenous screen production industry.
Bòrd na Gàidhlig is charged with developing the Gaelic language, education and culture.
In 2006-07 and 2007-08 we will support festivals across Scotland and provide capital funding to allow RCAHMS to develop urgently needed additional accommodation for its archive collection.
From 2006-07, annual funding for Bòrd na Gàidhlig (Alba) will increase, allowing the Bòrd to fulfil new duties under the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act and also provide a development fund for public bodies that will be required by the proposed legislation to produce Gaelic language plans. In 2006-07, to mark the Highland Year of Culture 2007, we will contribute £0.75m towards a Centre for Creative and Cultural Industries at Sabhal Mòr Ostaig, the Gaelic College on Skye.
SPORTSCOTLAND
Spending Plans 2002-08
Table 4.07 More detailed categories of spending
£000s | 2002-03 Budget | 2003-04 Budget | 2004-05 Budget | 2005-06 Budget | 2006-07 Plans | 2007-08 Plans |
|---|
sportscotland | 13,687 | 15,387 | 29,005 | 25,878 | 33,705 | 34,305 |
|---|
Total | 13,687 | 15,387 | 29,005 | 25,878 | 33,705 | 34,305 |
|---|
What the budget does
The budget funds sportscotland, a NDPB established by Royal Charter, which runs various programmes to widen access and encourage people to take part in sport. sportscotland is also a lottery distributor.
In 2006-07 and 2007-08, this will maintain funding of the Active Schools programme and allow the continued development of a network of world class national and regional sports facilities, which will improve access and opportunities for the development of high performance sport.
HISTORIC SCOTLAND
Spending Plans 2002-08
Table 4.08 More detailed categories of spending
£000s | 2002-03 Budget | 2003-04 Budget | 2004-05 Budget | 2005-06 Budget | 2006-07 Plans | 2007-08 Plans |
|---|
Historic Scotland | 36,787 | 37,287 | 39,644 | 42,575 | 44,425 | 47,725 |
|---|
Total | 36,787 | 37,287 | 39,644 | 42,575 | 44,425 | 47,725 |
|---|
What the budget does
The budget resources the activities of Historic Scotland.
Historic Scotland is an Executive Agency which protects and promotes Scotland's built heritage and presents it to the public. It is the largest operator of paid visitor attractions in Scotland, employing over 900 staff throughout the whole of Scotland. Historic Scotland actively markets the properties in partnership with VisitScotland and Visit Britain. The Agency manages a programme of grants, which acts as a lever to bring in other funding and makes possible the repair and re-use of historic buildings. Historic Scotland is actively involved in training and education with 60,000 free school visits provided annually. Fuller details of the range of Historic Scotland's activities are given in its Annual Report and Corporate Plan and on its web site, www.historic-scotland.gov.uk
In 2006-07 and 2007-08, this will:
allow extra investment in Historic Scotland's properties to enhance their role both as world class tourism destinations and as an outstanding education and community resource for the people of Scotland; and
boost Historic Scotland's spending on Historic Environment Grants bringing forward the establishment of an Historic Environment Regeneration Fund which will support the repair of Scotland's most important historic buildings, the regeneration of historic areas and enhancement of the quality of Scotland's historic city centres.
By 2008, Historic Scotland will invest £1m attracting at least £2.5m per annum through City Heritage Trusts for the enhancement of the historic environment.
OTHER TOURISM, CULTURE AND SPORT RELATED LOCAL AUTHORITY FUNDING
Spending Plans 2002-08
Table 4.09 More detailed categories of spending (Level 3)
£000s | 2002-03 Budget | 2003-04 Budget | 2004-05 Budget | 2005-06 Budget | 2006-07 Plans | 2007-08 Plans |
|---|
Parks | 117,080 | 124,853 | 122,833 | 127,458 | 128,095 | 129,105 |
|---|
Sports facilities | 74,896 | 78,690 | 81,669 | 84,744 | 85,167 | 85,839 |
|---|
Libraries and Galleries | 100,511 | 105,604 | 109,602 | 113,729 | 114,297 | 115,198 |
|---|
Tourism and Other | 61,976 | 65,166 | 75,279 | 78,813 | 79,207 | 79,831 |
|---|
Total | 354,463 | 374,313 | 389,383 | 404,744 | 406,766 | 409,973 |
|---|
What the budget does
The Tourism, Culture and Sport Grant Aided Expenditure ( GAE) figures relate to the level of local authority net revenue expenditure on these services that the Executive is supporting through grant. GAEs are not budgets, but more a basis for the distribution of grant through Aggregate External Finance ( AEF). Local authorities are, however, free to allocate their available resources to each service, including Tourism, Culture and Sport-related services, on the basis of local need. The figures in this table are included in the GAE summary table (Table 10.04) contained within the Finance and Public Service Reform chapter of this document.
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