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INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS

1. Introduction

1.1 This chapter compares some statistics for Scotland with those for the 25 countries which were members of the EU with effect from May 2004, and with the overall EU figure where appropriate. Most of the figures are for 2002, at which time there were only 15 EU member states. Therefore, wherever possible, overall EU figures are given for both " EU-15" and " EU-25" (sometimes, statistics are not available for all 25 countries - for example, some figures are available only for the 15 countries which were members prior to May 2004).

1.2 Section 2 sets out the main points from the comparisons. Section 3 covers the sources of the figures for the EU countries, and some points on the way in which the comparisons are presented in the table. Section 4 describes the sources of the figures for Scotland that appear in the table, and the accompanying figures for GB and the UK that are on the same basis as the figures for Scotland.

1.3 Some of these comparisons may not be exact, due to ( e.g.) differences in definitions ( see Sections 3 and 4). Particular care should be taken in cases where there is a noticeable difference between (a) the figure for the UK which appears among the figures for EU countries and (b) the figure for GB, or the UK, which is on the same basis as the figure for Scotland.

1.4 The table shows the years to which the figures for the EU countries relate. In some cases, the EU countries' figures do not all relate to the same year. Section 4 sets out the years to which the figures for Scotland and GB/ UK relate, and states whether they are the same as the years to which the EU figures relate. Because of such differences, the commentary in Section 2 generally does not mention the year(s) to which each set of figures relates. Please note that differences in years (between the EU countries, or between Scotland [and GB/ UK] and the EU countries) should not affect the comparisons much, because most transport statistics tend to change slowly. In general, the gaps between the figures for Scotland and the EU, when expressed ( e.g.) per head of population, are such that a difference of a year or two should not affect greatly the conclusions that one would draw. For example, if the "per head" figure for Scotland for one year is much higher than the overall "per head" figure for the EU for another year, one would expect that any comparison using data for the same year would also show the figure for Scotland as being much higher than the overall EU figure.

1.5 The main changes from the previous edition are the inclusion, for the first time, of:

• statistics for the ten countries which joined the EU in May 2004; and
• figures for the volumes of road traffic in different countries.

In addition, some other changes have been made, as a result of alterations to the EU publication which is the source of most of the figures (see paragraph 3.1).

2. Main points

2.1 Scotland has a low population: only eight of the EU-25 (Cyprus, Estonia, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta and Slovenia) have fewer people. Scotland also has a low population density (65 people per square kilometre) compared with the overall EU average ( EU-15: 118; EU-25: 114). Only six of the EU-25 countries (Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania and Sweden) have a lower population density than Scotland.

2.2 For its area, Scotland has a short Motorway network (4.9 km of Motorway per thousand square kilometres), well below the overall EU figure ( EU-15: 16.4; EU-25: 14.0). Eight of the EU-25 countries (Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, Malta, Poland and Sweden) have a lower figure than Scotland.

2.3 The total length of the Scottish road network is also short, relative to the area of the country (Scotland: 757 km of road per thousand square kilometres; EU-15: 1,170; EU-25: 1,186). Of the EU-25, only three countries (Germany, Finland and Sweden) have lower figures than Scotland.

2.4 Scotland has a short rail network for its area (35.0 km of route per thousand square kilometres) compared with the overall EU figure ( EU-15: 47.1; EU-25: 50.2). Ten of the 25 EU countries have a lower value than Scotland.

2.5 Scotland has few cars for the size of its population (394 per thousand population) compared with the EU as a whole ( EU-15: 491; EU-25: 459). Eleven of the EU-25 countries have lower figures than Scotland. However, relative to the population, the number of new registrations of cars in Scotland in 2003 was above the overall EU level: Scotland had 43 new registrations per thousand population; the EU-15 had 36; and the EU-25 figure was 32. In 2003, only two countries (Belgium and Luxembourg) had higher figures than Scotland. (A different set of countries might have had higher figures if the comparison had used figures for another year, because the numbers of new registrations of cars may vary from year to year, depending upon factors such as the state of a country's economy: for example, four of the EU-15 countries had higher figures than Scotland in 2001.)

2.6 Scotland also has few goods vehicles relative to the size of its population (40 per thousand population) compared with the overall EU average ( EU-15: 67; EU-25: 64). Of the EU-25, only five countries (Czech Republic, Germany, Lithuania, Slovak Republic and Slovenia) have lower figures.

2.7 The table's figures for the distance travelled per head of population in Scotland are on a different basis from those for the EU countries (see section 4.10). However, the modal shares should be broadly comparable. Walking and cycling are excluded from the calculation of these modal shares, for consistency with the figures in the relevant table of the EU publication. That table shows " EU-25" overall shares for four modes (passenger cars, buses/coaches, railways and tram/metro), even though there are no figures for some of those modes for a few countries. Of these four modes, passenger cars account for a slightly higher percentage of travel in Scotland (85.6%) than in the EU as a whole ( EU-15: 83.5%; EU-25: 82.5%), with only three countries (Netherlands, Portugal and GB) having higher figures than Scotland. The modal share of buses and coaches is slightly higher in Scotland (9.5%) than in the EU-15 as a whole (8.8%), but the same as for the EU-25 (9.5%). For rail, the modal share in Scotland (4.9%) is slightly below the overall EU figure ( EU-15: 6.6%; EU-25: 6.8%).

2.8 Relative to the size of its population, Scotland has slightly more international air passengers to or from the EU-25 countries (1.11 per head of the population, not counting internal UK traffic) than the overall EU figure ( EU-15: 1.09; EU-25: 0.95).

2.9 Scotland's number of road deaths per million population is well below the overall EU average (Scotland: 65; EU-15: 94; EU-25: 103). Of the EU-25 countries, only four countries (Malta, Netherlands, Sweden and UK) had lower figures in 2003. (A different set of countries might have had lower figures if the comparison had used figures for another year, because the numbers of road deaths may fluctuate from year to year: for example, only one of the EU-15 countries had a lower figure than Scotland in 2000.)

2.10 For freight transport, road has a low modal share in Scotland (61.5%) compared with the overall EU figure ( EU-15: 75.5%; EU-25: 72.2) due to the high modal share of pipelines (25.6%, higher than in any EU country). The modal shares of rail and inland waterways in Scotland are both below the overall figures for both EU-15 and EU-25.

2.11 Estimates of road traffic volumes are not available for several countries. Scotland has slightly more traffic relative to its population (7,922 vehicle-kilometres per head of population) than the overall EU-15 average (7,420), but slightly less relative to the length of its road network (680 vehicle-kilometres per kilometre of road) than the overall EU-15 figure (746).

3. The source of the statistics for EU countries, and some points on the table

3.1 Almost all the statistics for EU countries which appear in this chapter were taken from the "2004" edition of " EU Energy and Transport in Figures", which is a publication produced annually by the EC Directorate General for Energy and Transport with the assistance of Eurostat. It can be found on the EU Web site at the following address: http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy_transport/etif/index.html

A paper copy (in a "pocketbook" format) can be obtained (free of charge) from the EU, by sending an e-mail to: tif@cec.eu.int

All the figures taken from it are for 2002 unless indicated otherwise.

3.2 " EU Energy and Transport in Figures" contains many transport statistics for EU countries, but far fewer figures for non- EU countries, so this chapter does not include any comparisons with any countries which were outwith the EU in 2002.

3.3 The EU publication includes many transport statistics for EU countries ( e.g. employment in various modes of transport, production of vehicles of various types, and freight tonne-kilometres for various modes of transport) which do not appear in this chapter for a range of reasons. For example, (a) they may not come within the "scope" of "Scottish Transport Statistics", or (b) a topic was thought unlikely to be of great interest to readers of "Scottish Transport Statistics", or (c) there was no readily-available comparable figure for Scotland.

3.4 A number of points should be noted about the way in which the table provides the comparisons:

• the EU countries are listed in the order in which they appear in " EU Energy and Transport in Figures" - the result may be thought unusual by British readers (most of the countries appear in alphabetical order of the English versions of their names, but some appear in places which may appear strange to British readers - e.g. Cyprus appears between Italy and Latvia);
• in many cases, the table provides figures ( e.g.) per thousand population or per thousand square kilometres, as these are often a better way to compare countries of greatly differing sizes. Most of these were calculated using the countries' areas and populations as they appeared in " EU Energy and Transport in Figures" - sometimes with only a few digits ( e.g. the population of Denmark is shown as 5.40 million). As a result, the results will not be as precise as they would have been had figures with a greater number of significant digits been available. So, the "per …" figures for some countries should be regarded as broad indicators rather than as precise measures;
• in general, the table's figures for Scotland are on broadly the same basis as those for the EU countries. The Scottish figures may not be on exactly the basis used for the EU countries' figures ( e.g.) because (a) data on that basis may not be available for Scotland, or (b) the EU publication does not define precisely the basis of its figures. In any case, there may be differences between the EU countries in the basis of some of their figures. There is plenty of scope for differences in interpretation or definition ( e.g. should the surface area of inland lochs and lakes be included when calculating a country's area?);
• the table's figures for Scotland may differ from those elsewhere in "Scottish Transport Statistics", because the aim is to give figures for Scotland which are on the same basis as the GB or UK figures given in the final two columns.
• the final two columns provide figures for GB as a whole, or for the UK as a whole, which are on the same basis as the figures for Scotland. The closer that these figures are to the UK (or GB) figures from " EU Energy and Transport in Figures" (which appear in the columns to the left of the ones with figures for the EU-15 and EU-25 as a whole), the closer that the basis of the figures for Scotland may be to the basis used for the figures for the EU countries.
• in most cases, the final two columns provide only figures for GB. This is because many of the figures for Scotland come from GB-wide surveys conducted by the Department for Transport. DfT's publications ( e.g."Transport Statistics Great Britain") provide many more figures for GB than for the UK, and equivalent figures for the UK as a whole may not be as readily available. As Northern Ireland accounts for, generally, only a small percentage of a UK figure, there would usually be little difference between figures for GB and for the UK as a whole, particularly for the "per…" figures, which are often the preferred means of comparing different countries.
• some of the figures for Scotland, GB and/or UK appear with more significant digits than the figures for the EU countries, in order to calculate more precisely the "per …" figures.

3.5 The EU publication does not provide any figures for the total volume of road traffic for different EU countries, so the figures that appear in the table are based on those which appear in Table 10.4 of the 2004 edition of "Transport Statistics Great Britain". These are described as being provided by the International Road Federation, and show separately the estimated volumes of traffic for "cars and taxis", "goods vehicles", "motor cycles etc" and "buses and coaches". As the DfT table does not include an overall total for all types of traffic, the figures which appear in the tables in this chapter have simply been calculated by adding up the latest figures that are available in that table for each of those four types of traffic (in cases where no figures are available for one of the "smaller" types of traffic, the totals are calculated by assuming that the relevant values are zero).

4. The sources of the statistics for Scotland, and for GB and UK on the same basis

4.1 This section lists the sources of the table's figures for Scotland, and of its figures for GB or the UK that are on the same basis as the figures for Scotland.

4.2 In general, notes on and definitions of the figures for Scotland (and, by implication, the figures on the same basis for the UK or GB as a whole) appear in the relevant chapters. Therefore, this section covers only matters which are not dealt with there.

4.3 Population, area and population density: The population figures for Scotland, for GB and for the UK are for mid-2003 ( NB: the EU publication's figures are for "1 January 2004"). They were taken from, or calculated from, figures in an Office for National Statistics release (published on 9 September 2004), available on the ONS website at: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=6 .

(They are more up-to-date than the figures in Table 5.1 of the 2004 edition of the "Annual Abstract of Statistics".) The figures for areas relate to 2002 (no year is specified for the EU publication's figures), and were taken from Table 1.1 of the 2004 edition of the "Annual Abstract of Statistics". The population densities were then calculated by the Scottish Executive.

4.4 Motorways: the figures for Scotland and for GB are for 2001 (the same year as the EU figures). They were taken from Table 3.20 of "Transport Statistics Great Britain 2002 edition" (" TSGB 2002"). The DfT's figure for Scotland was used in this table. It differs slightly from the figure for the length of motorways in Scotland (including slip roads) in Table 5.1 of this publication ( "Scottish Transport Statistics").

4.5 All roads: the figures for Scotland and for GB are for 2000 (the same year as the EU figures). They were taken from Table 3.20 of " TSGB 2001". The DfT's figure for Scotland was used in this table. It differs from the figure for the length of roads in Scotland (including slip roads) in Table 5.1 of this publication, due to DfT using a Geographical Information System ( GIS) and Ordnance Survey data to produce estimates of the lengths of roads across Great Britain, whereas (as explained in Chapter 5) most of the figures in Table 5.1 are produced from annual returns made by local authorities. This may also be the reason why the EU publication's figure for the UK is lower than the DfT figure for GB: the EU publication's figure is close to the DfT's last "pre- GIS system" figure for the total length of all roads in GB, which was 371,900 km for 1999. One would expect the UK figure to be about 25,000 km more than this (as it should include the length of roads in Northern Ireland), but there may have been misunderstandings and/or differences in definition: the source of the EU publication's figures is described as "International Road Federation, national statistics".

4.6 Railways: the figures are for the route length at the end of the financial year 2002/03 (the EU figures are for "2003"). The figure for Scotland is from Table 8.15; the GB figure was taken from Table 6.5 of " TSGB 2004".

4.7 Passenger cars, and new registrations of passenger cars: the "passenger cars" figures for Scotland and GB are for 2002 (the same year as the EU figures). They are taken from Table 3.2 of DfT's "Regional Transport Statistics 2003 edition" (" RTS 2003"). The "new registrations of passenger cars" figures for Scotland and GB are for 2003 (the same year as the EU figures). They are taken from Table 3.2 of " RTS 2004". It is not known why the EU publication's figure for the UK is slightly lower than the DfT figure for GB. The source of the EU publication's figures is described as the "Association des Constructeurs Europeens d'Automobiles", so there may be differences in coverage, definition or timing.

4.8 Powered two wheelers: the figures for Scotland and GB are for 2002 (the same year as most of the EU figures). They are taken from Table 3.1 of " RTS 2003", which includes figures for "motorcycles, scooters and mopeds". These are the numbers of vehicles which were licensed at 31st December. The EU publication's figure (for the UK) is much higher than the DfT figure for GB. This is probably because many motorcycles are only used in the summer, and only have six month licences (covering, for example, April to September) because they are stored, off-road and unlicensed, during the winter months. Therefore, many motorcycles are not counted in the figures for the numbers of vehicles "licensed at 31 December" - see the Annex in any recent edition of DfT's "Vehicle Licensing Statistics" bulletin. The source of the EU publication's figure is described as the "Association des Constructeurs Europeens de Motocycles", so there may well be a considerable difference between the definitions used for the two sets of figures.

4.9 Goods vehicles: the figures for Scotland and GB are for 2002 (the same year as the EU figures). The Scottish figure is taken from Table 1.2 of this publication, and the GB figure is taken from Table 3 of DfT's "Vehicle Licensing Statistics: 2002 data" statistical bulletin. They are the totals of the figures for the body types "light goods" and "goods" (the latter being heavy goods vehicles). The result of using the "body type" figures is slightly different from that which would have been obtained had "taxation group" figures been used.

4.10 Passenger transport - distance travelled and modal shares

4.10.1 The figures for Scotland and GB are for the two year period 2002/2003 (the EU figures are for 2002). Following the increase in its sample size with effect from 2002, the National Travel Survey can provide some figures for a single year for Scotland, but figures for the two year period should be less susceptible to sampling fluctuations. The figures for Scotland are taken from Table B of "Travel by Scottish residents: some National Travel Survey results for 2002 and 2003". The GB figures for 2002/2003 were calculated by simply averaging the separate figures for 2002 and 2003 shown in Table 4 of DfT's "National Travel Survey: 2003 Provisional Results" bulletin (the results were almost the same as the figures for the two years combined which DfT published later in Table 2.5 of "Focus on Personal Travel: 2005 edition").

4.10.2 Some points of detail on these figures should be mentioned. First, the NTS figures that were used relate to the "mode" of travel, not to the "main mode" that is used in some other analyses of NTS figures. Second, published tables of NTS results often group together some modes which appear separately in more detailed tables ( e.g. a category entitled "car driver" may include trips which were made as the driver of a van or a lorry); for the purposes of producing this table, figures from the more detailed breakdowns have been used. Third, the "passenger cars" category consists of "car only - driver", "car only - passenger" and "taxi / minicab"; the "buses and coaches" category covers "private hire bus", "bus in London", "local bus" and "non-local bus"; and the "tram / metro" category relates only to the London Underground (the Glasgow Underground is not identified in the results of the NTS).

4.10.3 The NTS average for the total distance travelled per person in GB (covering all modes of transport) is 6,856 miles, or 11,033 kilometres. For the modes of transport shown in the table (which excludes, for example, air and ferry) the NTS average is 10,451 kilometres. This is noticeably less than the GB total of 13,121 kilometres for the modes of travel shown in the table, which was calculated from the overall passenger-kilometre figures published in " EU Energy and Transport in Figures". This difference arises because the two sets of figures are on different bases:

• the NTS figures relate only to personal travel within GB, and are produced from the results of a survey of households across GB;
• the EU publication's figures have been derived by dividing estimates of the total "volume" of travel (passenger-kilometres) within the country by the total population of the country.
• The kinds of travel which would be counted using the latter approach (but not by the NTS) include
• travel within GB by foreign tourists and other non-residents;
• travel for business purposes ( e.g. to and from meetings);
• and, possibly, some travel in the course of their work by the likes of lorry drivers, postmen and bus drivers.

Therefore, estimates produced using the latter approach will be greater than the NTS estimates, which cover only personal travel by residents.

4.10.4 The table below shows how one can obtain figures for GB which are, in general, closer to those which are calculated from the information in the EU publication.

	Passenger transport by mode in 2002 as shown in " TSGB 2004" Table 1.1: thousands of millions of passenger-kilometres	Approximate average distance per head in 2002 (estimated by dividing by 58 million population) kilometres per person	Distance travelled in 2002 calculated from " EU Energy and Transport in Figures" kilometres per person
Buses and coaches	47	810	795
Cars, vans and taxis	677	11,672	10,959
Motorcycles	5	86	86
Rail	48	828	707
All modes (incl. others)	791	13,638	13,121

4.10.5 It is not possible to produce figures on this basis for Scotland, because there are no official estimates of the total passenger-kilometres travelled within Scotland (including travel by foreign tourists and for business purposes). The only Scottish estimates of the average distance travelled per head of population are NTS ones, which cover only personal travel by residents.

4.10.6 Although the two methods produce markedly different average distances ( NTS: 10,451 kilometres; calculated from the statistics in " EU Energy and Transport in Figures": 13,121 kilometres), they produce quite similar modal shares - e.g. the modal share for passenger cars is: NTS - 85.9%; shown in " EU Energy and Transport in Figures" - 87.1% ( NB: in both cases, the modal shares are calculated excluding powered two-wheelers, walking and cycling, for consistency with the figures in the relevant table of the EU publication). Therefore, the modal shares for Scotland, calculated from the NTS results, should be comparable to the modal shares for the EU countries.

4.11 International air passengers (traffic between EU countries): the figures for Scotland and the UK are both for 2002 (the same year as the EU figures). The Scottish figure is taken from the "Total EU countries" in Table 9.3(a) of this publication. It is the number of passengers to and from most of the EU-25 countries for the main Scottish international airports (Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Glasgow and Glasgow Prestwick). The table shows figures for 15 of the 24 EU member states (not counting the UK): these are the countries for which the "international air passenger route analysis" table on the Civil Aviation Authority's Web site (from which the figures for Table 9.3(a) were obtained) shows passengers to/from Scottish airports (for example, the CAA table does not show any passengers between, say, Finland, Hungary, Luxembourg or Poland and any Scottish airport in 2002). These figures will underestimate slightly the total number of international passengers between Scotland and EU countries because they do not include (a) passengers on "charter only" routes in cases where fewer than 5,000 passengers were carried between an airport and a particular country, nor (b) any passengers to and from EU countries at other airports in Scotland. The UK figure is taken from Table 2.8 of " TSGB 2004", adding together the figures for " EU" and "Accession countries".

4.12 Road fatalities: the figures for Scotland and GB are both for 2003 (as are most of the EU figures). The Scottish figure is taken from Table 7.4 of this publication, and the GB figure is taken from Table 8.1 of " TSGB 2004".

4.13 Freight transport - modal shares

4.13.1 The figures for Scotland and GB are both for 2002 (as are the EU figures). The Scottish figures are derived from the tonne-kilometre figures for each mode of transport which appear in Table H2(b) of this publication. The GB figures are derived from the tonne-kilometre figures for each mode of transport which appear in Table 4.3 of " TSGB 2004" (road, rail and pipeline) and Table 2.3 of DfT's "Waterborne Freight in the UK: 2002" bulletin (inland waterways).

4.13.2 The figures for Scotland are based on the tonnage of goods lifted in Scotland and the distance on which they are carried on that journey, be it within Scotland or from Scotland to (say) England. For example, the tonne-kilometres for goods taken from (say) Edinburgh to London would be calculated using the full distance between Edinburgh and London (over 660 kilometres) not just the distance between Edinburgh and the border (under 160 kilometres). Therefore, the figures do not represent the modal shares for freight transport within Scotland: they include tonne-kilometres outwith Scotland on journeys which started in Scotland, and they exclude tonne-kilometres within Scotland on journeys which started elsewhere. Journeys to destinations outwith Scotland account for about 45% of the total tonne-kilometres for road freight lifted in Scotland (some of which would, of course, be for the part of the journey which was within Scotland). The equivalent figure for rail is 85%; for pipeline it is only a small percentage, because "cross-border" traffic accounts for only a small proportion of the total tonnage carried out of Scotland by pipeline.

4.14 Road traffic volumes: the figures for Scotland and GB are both for 2001 (some EU countries' figures are for 2001; others are for 1999 and 2000). The figure for Scotland is taken from Table S1, and includes pedal cycle traffic; the figure for GB is from Table 7.2 of " TSGB 04", and relates only to motor vehicle traffic.

International comparisons

					EU countries from " EU Energy and Transport in Figures" (2004 edition)																												Scottish figures ( # )
	Year of data for all (or most) countries	Other year(s) - for some countries	EU publication table	Scottish figure on the same (or a similar) basis ( # )	Belgium	Czech Republic	Denmark	Germany	Estonia	Greece	Spain	France	Ireland	Italy	Cyprus	Latvia	Lithuania	Luxembourg	Hungary	Malta	Netherlands	Austria	Poland	Portugal	Slovenia	Slovak Republic	Finland	Sweden	UK	GB (in these cases, the EU publication's figures relate to GB)	EU-25 ( + )	EU-15 ( + )	Scotland	GB (same basis)	UK (same basis)
				SCOT	BE	CZ	DK	DE	EE	EL	ES	FR	IE	IT	CY	LV	LT	LU	HU	MT	NL	AT	PL	PT	SI	SK	FI	SE	UK	GB	EU-25	EU-15	SCOT	GB	UK
General data
Population (at 1 Jan)
million	2004		1.4	5.06	10.40	10.21	5.40	82.55	1.35	11.05	40.98	59.90	4.02	57.48	0.73	2.32	3.45	0.45	10.12	0.40	16.26	8.09	38.19	10.48	2.00	5.38	5.22	8.97	59.52		454.90	380.76	5.057	57.851	59.554
Area
'000 sq km			3.5.1	77.9	30.5	78.9	43.1	357.0	45.2	132.0	506.0	544.0	70.3	301.3	9.3	64.6	65.2	2.6	93.0	0.3	41.5	83.9	312.7	91.9	20.3	48.8	338.1	450.0	244.1		3,974.6	3,236.3	77.925	228.937	242.514
Population density (at 1 Jan)
people per sq km	2004		calc'd	65	341	129	125	231	30	84	81	110	57	191	78	36	53	173	109	1333	392	96	122	114	99	110	15	20	244		114	118	65	253	246
Infrastructure and vehicles
Motorways
km	2001		3.5.5	384	1,727	517	971	11,786	94	742	9,571	10,068	125	6,478	257	0	417	126	448	0	2,291	1,645	398	1,659	435	296	591	1,529	3,605		55,776	52,914	384	3,428
km per '000 sq km	2001		calc'd	4.9	56.6	6.6	22.5	33.0	2.1	5.6	18.9	18.5	1.8	21.5	27.6	0.0	6.4	48.5	4.8	0.0	55.2	19.6	1.3	18.1	21.4	6.1	1.7	3.4	14.8
All roads ( $, @ )
'000 km	2000		3.5.6	59.0	148.2	127.7	71.6	230.9	52.0	116.7	662.5	981.8	95.7	478.5	11.4	69.7	76.6	5.2	158.8	2.3	125.8	133.0	364.7	72.5	20.2	43.0	78.4	214.5	372.2		4,714.0	3,787.5	58.951	391.707
km per '000 sq km	2000		calc'd	757	4,859	1,619	1,662	647	1,151	884	1,309	1,805	1,362	1,588	1,227	1,079	1,174	2,004	1,708	7,513	3,032	1,585	1,166	788	997	880	232	477	1,525		1,186	1,170	757	1,711
Railways
km	2003		3.5.1	2,729	3,521	9,501	2,273	36,054	959	2,414	14,387	29,269	1,919	16,288	0	2,269	1,774	275	7,950	0	2,812	5,661	19,900	2,818	1,229	3,657	5,851	11,849	17,052		199,682	152,443	2,729	16,652
km per '000 sq km	2003		calc'd	35.0	115.4	120.4	52.7	101.0	21.2	18.3	28.4	53.8	27.3	54.1	0.0	35.1	27.2	105.8	85.5	0.0	67.8	67.5	63.6	30.7	60.5	74.9	17.3	26.3	69.9		50.2	47.1	35.0	72.7
Passenger cars
million	2002		3.6.2	1.99	4.79	3.65	1.89	44.66	0.40	3.73	18.73	29.16	1.46	33.71	0.29	0.62	1.18	0.29	2.53	0.21	6.85	3.99	11.03	3.90	0.91	1.33	2.19	4.04	26.46		207.98	185.84	1.993	25.782
per 1,000 pop'n	2002		3.6.1	394	464	357	352	542	294	339	459	491	374	591	408	264	340	646	249	519	425	496	285	378	458	247	422	454	447		459	491	394	446
New registrations of passenger cars ( $ )
thousands	2003		3.6.6	219	459	153	96	3,237	16	257	1,383	2,009	145	2,246	8	9	8	44	208	n-a	489	300	358	190	60	60	147	261	2,579		14,721	13,843	219	2,646
per 1,000 pop'n	2003		calc'd	43	44	15	18	39	12	23	34	34	36	39	11	4	2	97	21	n-a	30	37	9	18	30	11	28	29	43		32	36	43	46
Powered two wheelers ( $ )
million	2002	01	3.6.5	0.05	0.30	n-a	0.08	5.20	n-a	n-a	3.53	2.44	n-a	10.16	n-a	n-a	n-a	0.03	n-a	n-a	1.00	0.60	n-a	0.60	n-a	n-a	0.22	0.33	1.46		n-a	25.95	0.046	0.941
Goods vehicles
thousands	2002		3.6.4	204	541	350	389	2,619	80	1,076	4,092	5,903	239	3,752	118	103	106	23	400	50	1,027	320	2,163	1,829	60	171	320	409	3,047		29,186	25,586	204	2,968
per 1,000 pop'n	2002		calc'd	40	52	34	72	32	59	97	100	99	59	65	161	44	31	50	40	125	63	40	57	175	30	32	61	46	51		64	67	40	51
Passenger transport
Distance travelled (kilometres per person per year)
Passenger cars	2002		3.3.7 *	8,025	10,521	6,388	11,089	8,489	n-a	7,835	8,196	12,364	9,259	12,382	n-a	2,651	n-a	11,667	4,654	n-a	8,868	8,622	4,383	9,036	4,840	4,643	11,169	10,457		10,959	n-a	10,196|	8,025	8,619
Powered two-wheelers	2002		3.3.8 *	29	101	n-a	144	217	n-a	2,027	357	205	97	1,214	n-a	n-a	n-a	133	n-a	n-a	55	203	n-a	760	n-a	n-a	172	111		86	n-a	412|	29	56
Buses and coaches	2002		3.3.9 *	888	1,312	947	1,661	927	1,726	2,023	1,221	673	1,580	1,696	781	1,017	580	2,000	1,847	250	443	1,656	767	945	835	1,532	1,475	1,126		795	1,068	1,079|	888	743
Tram / metro	2002		3.3.10 *	0	87	814	0	99	n-a	122	134	174	0	92	0	254	0	0	59	0	89	342	n-a	57	0	56	105	247		143	n-a	125|	0	93
Railways (excl. t/m)	2003		3.3.11 *	460	794	635	993	836	133	167	512	1,205	398	802	0	328	125	778	1,028	0	852	1,020	514	343	390	431	640	1,014		707	760	801|	460	579
Cycling	2001		prev. **	43	322	n-a	936	291	n-a	76	20	75	184	154	n-a	n-a	n-a	23	n-a	n-a	848	136	n-a	29	n-a	n-a	251	271	75		n-a	188|	43	54
Walking	2001		prev. **	341	380	n-a	431	372	n-a	389	368	404	368	410	n-a	n-a	n-a	457	n-a	n-a	377	419	n-a	342	n-a	n-a	386	383	355		n-a	382|	341	307
Total these modes	c. 2002		calc'd	9,788	13,516	n-a	15,254	11,231	n-a	12,639	10,809	15,100	11,885	16,751	n-a	n-a	n-a	15,058	n-a	n-a	11,533	12,398	n-a	11,512	n-a	n-a	14,198	13,611	==>	13,121	n-a	13,182|	9,788	10,451
Modal shares (% of passenger kilometres for the specified modes - thus excluding walking and cycling from the calculations)
Passenger cars	2002		3.3.6	85.6	82.8	72.6	80.5	82.0	n-a	77.2	81.4	85.6	82.3	82.6	n-a	62.5	n-a	80.7	61.2	n-a	86.3	74.0	78.2	87.0	80.0	69.0	83.5	81.4		87.1	82.5	83.5	85.6	85.9
Bus and coach	2002		3.3.6	9.5	10.3	10.8	12.1	8.9	n-a	19.9	12.1	4.7	14.0	11.3	n-a	24.0	n-a	13.8	24.3	n-a	4.3	14.2	13.7	9.1	13.8	22.8	11.0	8.8		6.3	9.5	8.8	9.5	7.4
Railways (excl. t/m)	2002		3.3.6	4.9	6.2	7.3	7.4	8.1	n-a	1.6	5.1	8.5	3.6	5.4	0.0	7.6	n-a	5.5	13.7	0.0	8.5	8.8	8.1	3.4	6.2	7.4	4.7	7.9		5.5	6.8	6.6	4.9	5.8
Tram / metro	2002		3.3.6	0.0	0.7	9.3	0.0	1.0	n-a	1.2	1.3	1.2	0.0	0.6	0.0	6.0	0.0	0.0	0.8	0.0	0.9	2.9	n-a	0.6	0.0	0.8	0.8	1.9		1.1	1.1	1.0	0.0	0.9
Total these modes	calc'd			100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0		99.9	99.9	100.0	99.9	99.9		100.1		100.0	100.0		100.0	99.9	100.0	100.1	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0		100.0	99.9	99.9	100.0	100.0
International air passenger traffic between EU countries (arrivals plus departures)
million	2002		3.4.1	5.64	10.83	4.65	12.92	54.20	0.54	19.24	72.72	36.90	15.85	30.52	4.05	0.45	0.47	1.32	3.17	2.30	23.62	9.38	3.15	11.96	0.42	0.28	6.19	11.76	97.30		434.18	414.71	5.638		97.064
per head of pop'n	2002		calc'd	1.11	1.04	0.46	2.39	0.66	0.40	1.74	1.77	0.62	3.94	0.53	5.55	0.19	0.14	2.94	0.31	5.75	1.45	1.16	0.08	1.14	0.21	0.05	1.19	1.31	1.63		0.95	1.09	1.11		1.63
Road fatalities
number	2003	02	3.7.1	331	1,315	1,447	432	6,613	164	1,615	5,394	6,058	339	6,015	97	493	709	53	1,326	16	1,028	931	5,640	1,546	242	610	379	529	3,658		46,649	35,905	331	3,508
per million pop'n	2003		calc'd	65	126	142	80	80	121	146	132	101	84	105	133	213	206	118	131	40	63	115	148	148	121	113	73	59	61		103	94	65	61
Freight transport: modal shares (% of these modes tonne-kms)
Road	2002		3.2.6	61.5	70.0	70.7	74.1	69.7	31.3	98.1	89.3	77.8	96.1	86.3	100.0	22.4	42.2	77.3	59.9	100.0	44.9	51.3	52.1	87.0	59.8	66.4	74.4	62.6		84.1	72.2	75.5	61.5	83.4
Rail	2002		3.2.6	11.9	12.9	25.6	7.7	14.5	68.7	1.9	6.4	14.0	3.9	9.1	0.0	54.7	38.5	15.2	27.2	0.0	4.4	29.7	32.5	13.0	40.2	30.8	24.8	37.4	10.0	16.3	12.9	11.9	9.9
Inland waterway	2002		3.2.6	1.0	14.3	0.9	0.0	12.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.3	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	7.5	5.8	0.0	44.2	4.9	0.8	0.0	0.0	2.8	0.8	0.0		0.1	6.0	6.9	1.0	0.9
Pipeline	2002		3.2.6	25.6	2.8	2.8	18.2	3.0	0.0	0.0	4.3	5.8	0.0	4.5	0.0	22.9	19.3	0.0	7.1	0.0	6.5	14.0	14.6	0.0	0.0	n-a	0.0	0.0		5.8	5.6	4.6	25.6	5.8
Total these modes	2002		calc'd	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	99.9	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	99.9	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0		100.0	100.1	99.9	100.0	100.0
Road traffic volumes (vehicle-kilometres)
'000 million	2001	99, 00	TSGB	40.1	75.4	n-a	46.4	594.9	n-a	70.4	202.7	525.8	23.4	466.0	n-a	n-a	n-a	3.5	n-a	n-a	108.2	59.5	n-a	57.0	n-a	n-a	47.6	70.6		473.9	n-a	2,825.3	40.065	474.4
per head of pop'n	2001		calc'd	7,922	7,250		8,593	7,207		6,371	4,946	8,778	5,821	8,107				7,778			6,654	7,355		5,439			9,119	7,871		8,192		7,420	7,922	8,200
'000 per km of road	2001		calc'd	680	509		648	2,576		603	306	536	244	974				672			860	447		787			607	329		1,210		746	680	1,211

( # ) ( + ) ( $ ) ( @ ) ( * ) ( ** ) ( TSGB ) - see "footnotes"

( # ) These are the "nearest available" figures for Scotland, and comparable figures for GB or UK as a whole. The text describes the basis of these figures. These may be on a different basis from those for the European countries, and for the UK as a whole, that are given in the other columns.
( + ) Not necessarily as shown in the EU publication, which may give totals only for years for which figures are available for all countries. The totals which appear on a shaded background were calculated by the Scottish Executive. They are INDICATIVE figures, which are simply the totals of the figures shown for each country, so may be for a mixture of years, and may assume a value of zero for those countries for which figures are "n-a".
( $ ) The notes on the sources of the statistics explain why there appears to be an inconsistency between the EU publication's figure for the UK and the ( DfT) figure for GB.
( @ ) The figures for Portugal are too low, because figures for its "other roads" are not available in the EU publication
( * ) Actually calculated from the figures in that table, which gives the total number of passenger-kilometres for the country as a whole (in 100 millions)
( ** ) As shown in the "2003" edition - the "2004" edition does not provide any figures for cycling or walking
n/a or 0.0 Where the figure is not available then "n/a" is used. Where the figure is nil then 0 is used.
( TSGB ) Not shown in the EU publication: obtained from Table 10.4 of "Transport Statistics Great Britain". In cases where that table shows the volume of one of the "smaller" types of traffic (goods vehicles, motorcycles etc, and buses and coaches) as "n-a" for the latest year, the Scottish Executive has calculated the overall total volume of traffic by assuming that the volume of that type of traffic is the same as in the previous year shown in the " TSGB" table. In cases where the the table does not show any estimates of the volume of one of the "smaller" types of traffic for a particular country, the total has been calculated by assuming a value of zero for that type of traffic.

Local Authorities as of 1 April 1996

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