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Footnotes

General

1) Estimates as at 30th of June each year.

2) General Register Office for Scotland (2004). Population Projections, Scotland (2003 based).

3) Government Actuary's Department. Population projections.

4) GDP estimates are based on output and are at constant 2001 prices. Seasonally adjusted.

5) Electricity consumption estimates are based on electricity generation less transfers and losses. When estimating the level of electricity consumed there is a statistical difference between estimates based on total electricity generation less transfers and losses and those obtained from public supply sales. Further details are available in the Technical Notes to Chapter 5 of the Digest of UK Energy Statistics 2004. The DTI are continuing to examine this statistical difference and are looking for ways to improve the quality of the data.

6) There were net transfers of electricity from Scotland to the England and Wales grid of around 9,600, 8,700, 6,000 and 5,200 GWh in 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003 respectively. Estimates of electricity transferred to Northern Ireland are not available.

7) Pumped storage is not a renewable source of energy because it uses electricity produced by other means to create a store of hydrological power.

8) Includes wind, wave, solar power and thermal renewables.

9) Scottish Executive (2005). Scottish Transport Statistics No. 24.

Public Attitudes

1) Scottish Executive Social Research (2005). Public Attitudes to the Environment in Scotland.

2) Scottish Office (1991). Public Attitudes to the Environment in Scotland. Central Research Unit.

3) World Commission on Environment and Development (1987). Our Common Future.

4) Respondents were asked whether they agreed that there was a need for most people in Scotland to change their way of life, and whether they themselves needed to change their way of life.

5) Scottish Executive (2002). Meeting the Needs … Priorities, Actions and Targets for Sustainable Development in Scotland.

Global Atmosphere

1) IPCC Third Assessment: Climate Change 2001. A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

2) UK Climate Impacts Programme (2002). Climate Change Scenarios for the United Kingdom ( UKCIP02).

3) A new dataset has been used that extends back to 1914. Further details can be found on the Met. Office website.

4) The 1910s exclude 1910-1913 and the 2000s exclude 2005-2009.

5) Met Office website: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/seriesstatistics/scotrain.txt

6) Emissions are weighted by Global Warming Potential ( GWP). GWP accounts for the potency of the gas as well as the amount emitted. For example, PFCs and SF6 are released in small quantities, but are long-lived and therefore highly potent. The estimated uncertainty in GWP for 2002 is ±23%.

7) Hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride.

8) The 2002 estimates are subject to uncertainties of: CO ₂ = ±11%, methane = ±14%, HFC = ±25%, PFC = ±19%, SF6 = ±13%. For more details see Baggott et al. (2005).

9) Figures may not sum due to rounding.

10) Includes emissions from land use and forestry.

11) Includes emissions which have not been allocated to Scotland, England, Wales or Northern Ireland.

12) Baggott, S., Milne, R., Misslebrook, T., Murrells, T.P., Thistlewaite, G. & Watterson, J. (2005). Greenhouse Gas Inventories for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland: 1990-2002. Netcen, AEA Technology, AEAT/ ENV/R/1761.

13) Industrial processes and waste incineration.

14) Emission estimates due to road transport are now based on figures for kilometres travelled and differ to the figures used in last year's publication.

15) Emissions from military, off-shore industry, aviation and shipping are not included in the Scottish inventory.

16) Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Environmental Statistics website.

17) Stratospheric ozone should not be confused with tropospheric (ground level) ozone.

Air Quality

1) PM ₁₀ concentrations are measured at automatic monitoring sites: Aberdeen (an urban background site), Edinburgh St Leonards (an urban background site), Grangemouth (an urban industrial site), Glasgow Centre (an urban centre site) and Glasgow City Chambers (an urban background site). PM ₁₀ is also measured by non-automatic gravimetric samplers at two further sites: Dumfries and Inverness.

2) In 2003 the data capture rate for Edinburgh Centre was low (under 50%). The 2003 data for Edinburgh is therefore unreliable and will not be included in any charts or tables. The 2003 results for Edinburgh are: PM ₁₀: mean=25, days exceeding=5; NO2: mean=50, days exceeding=0; CO: 8-hour mean=0.9, annual mean=0.3; O3: days exceeded=0, annual mean=42; SO ₂: 15-min mean=1, winter mean=0. The site stopped recording on the 13th of October and the monitor was then relocated to an urban background site at Edinburgh St Leonards, which started recording on 24 November 2003.

3) Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Environmental Statistics website: http://statistics.defra.gov.uk/esg/

4) Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Scottish Executive, Welsh Assembly Government & DOE Northern Ireland (2003). The Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland: Addendum.

5) Concentrations of nitrogen oxides are measured at eight automatic monitoring sites: Aberdeen, Dumfries, Edinburgh, Grangemouth, Inverness and three sites in Glasgow.

6) In 2003 the data capture rate for nitrogen dioxide concentrations in Glasgow Centre was low (under 50%), it will therefore be excluded from the table and chart. The 2003 results for Glasgow are: annual mean=39, days exceeding=0.

7) Carbon monoxide concentrations are measured at seven automatic monitoring sites: Aberdeen, Dumfries, Edinburgh, Inverness and three sites in Glasgow.

8) Ozone concentrations are measured at five sites: Eskdalemuir (a rural site), Strath Vaich (a remote site), Bush Estate (a rural site), Edinburgh St Leonards and Glasgow.

9) Objective not currently included in the Air Quality Regulations because of the transboundary nature of ozone.

10) Measurements are made using the non-automatic Net Acidity method, expressed as SO ₂ equivalent. In recent years, as ambient levels of SO ₂ have fallen this method has increasingly tended to overestimate actual SO ₂.

11) Means have been calculated over the 'pollution year' from April to March. For example, the 2002 figures have been calculated from the beginning of April 2002 to the end of March 2003.

12) No 1965, 2002 or 2003 figures for Edinburgh.

13) Sulphur dioxide concentrations are measured at four automatic monitoring sites: Aberdeen, Edinburgh (Edinburgh Centre ceased operation in 2003), Glasgow and Grangemouth.

14) Large combustion plants have a rated thermal output of over 50 megawatts.

15) Smith, et al. (unpublished) Sulphur deposition in Scotland, in Report for the Scottish Office under EVF/1/13 CRU 95/96.

Water

1) Scottish Water (2005). Public Water Supplies in Scotland: Water Resources Survey 2003-2004.

2) Scottish Executive Drinking Water 'Drinking Water Quality in Scotland 2003'.

3) Poor and seriously polluted categories should be unaffected by the length of river classified each year. Any changes to these figures generally reflect a change in quality. Changes to the length of rivers classified as excellent, good and fair are mainly due to the overall increase in length classified, so such figures are not included.

4) Scottish Environment Protection Agency (2003). SEPA Annual Report 2003-2004.

5) Data is expressed as mg N/l. To convert to mg NO ₃/l (nitrate), multiply by 62/14.

6) A fixed set of 192 locations, based on nitrate directive locations, was used. The percentages may not sum to 100% due to rounding.

7) This applies to most European rivers though for some rivers up to 1 mg N/l is reported. European Environment Agency, 'Indicator Fact Sheet'. '(WEU02) Nitrogen and phosphorus in rivers'.

8) In Aberdeen, Moray, Banff and Buchan, Strathmore, Fife Lothians and Borders, and Lower Nithsdale.

9) Under The Designation of Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (Scotland) Regulations 2002 and The Designation of Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (Scotland) (No. 2) Regulations 2002 and EC Nitrates Directive (91/676/ EEC) Annex 1A(3).

10) Soluble reactive phosphorus was measured. To convert to µg PO ₄/l (orthophosphate), multiply by 95/31.

11) In 1993 and 1994 one phosphate site made no recordings so 191 sites were used for these years.

12) From 2002 onwards discharge rates are being calculated over the calendar year.

13) Matter other than sewage or trade effluent.

14) Scottish Environment Protection Agency (2003). Corporate Plan April 2003-March 2004.

15) In 1999, a further 37 bathing waters were added to the 23 already identified. Two of these were inland bathing waters that are subject to different parameters. They have been removed from the data presented here.

16) In 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004, the percentage compliance of the 23 original bathing waters with the mandatory standards was 87%, 83%, 78%, 96%, 100% and 96% respectively.

Radioactivity

1) Radon and gamma values are specific to Scotland. Other values are assumed to be the same as the UK average as published in NRPB's 1999 Review.

2) May not sum to total due to rounding.

3) 'Others' includes fallout, disposals, occupational and consumer products (smoke alarms, luminous watches, etc.).

4) 1996-2003 figures are not strictly comparable with previous years, although still represent average concentrations in milk in Scotland.

5) Strontium-90 was not produced at the Chernobyl nuclear power reactor.

Waste

1) Figures for 1995 and 1996 are not available.

2) Assumes 63% of landfilled municipal waste is biodegradable. Excludes recycled and incinerated waste.

3) The total to landfill from all sources.

4) Scottish Environment Protection Agency (1999). National Waste Strategy: Scotland.

5) Scottish Office Statistical Bulletin Env/1996/5 (1996). Waste Collection, Disposal and Regulation Statistics 1994.

6) Scottish Environment Protection Agency (2003). Waste Data Digest 4.

7) Figures for recycling include compoting.

8) Aberdeenshire, Angus, Argyll & Bute, Dumfries & Galloway, East Ayrshire, Eilean Siar, Highland, Moray, Orkney, Perth & Kinross, Scottish Borders, Shetland, South Ayrshire and Stirling are classed as rural councils. The remaining councils are classed as urban.

9) Scottish Environment Protection Agency (2003). National Waste Plan.

10) Accounts Commission for Scotland (2005). Environmental and Regulatory Services. Performance indicators 2003-2004.

11) The Scottish Household Survey is a continuous cross-sectional survey based on a sample of the population in private residences in Scotland.

12) The survey method changed from a survey of adults to a survey of households from the second quarter of 2003. The 2003 data used is from quarters 2, 3 and 4 only.

Land

1) The 1990 and 1998 surveys are not directly comparable. The change in habitat is determined after the 1990 figures have been adjusted to account for the differences in the surveys.

2) UK Biodiversity Steering Group (1995). Biodiversity: The UK Steering Group Report. HMSO.

3) Haines-Young, R.H. et al. (2000). Accounting for nature: assessing habitats in the UK countryside. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions.

4) Some SSSI sites overlap, and where this occurs the area of overlapping land will be counted more than once. In 2005 this accounted for around 2,000 hectares, so the net area of SSSI sites in 2005 is 1,005,000.

5) Scottish Natural Heritage (2004). Facts and Figures 2003-2004. Figures are taken on the 31st of March of the given year.

6) Figures may not sum to total due to rounding.

7) Figures from SEERAD payments to the one-year and five-year set-aside schemes and the Arable Area Payment Scheme.

8) Excludes Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles.

9) Total quantity of nutrient used (kg) to the total extent of crop area (ha).

10) Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Fertiliser Manufacturers Association and Scottish Executive (2004). The British Survey of Fertiliser Practice 2003. The BSFP Authority.

11) The 2005 figure is a provisional projection and is based on data obtained from the 1995-1999 National Inventory Woodlands and Trees.

12) Woodland is defined as land under stands of trees with a canopy cover of at least 20%, or having the potential to achieve this, including integral open space, wooded agricultural land, and felled areas that are awaiting restocking.

13) Forestry Commission (2004). Forestry Statistics 2004 and website www.forestry.gov.uk/statistics .

Wildlife

1) Figures do not sum to 100% due to rounding.

2) Of the 261 BAP species and 41 BAP habitats that occur (or have occurred) in Scotland, 173 species and 31 habitats were considered.

3) Department of the Environment (1994). Biodiversity: the UK Action Plan. HMSO.

4) Scottish Executive (2004). Scotland's Biodiversity: It's in Your Hands. A strategy for the conservation and enhancement of biodiversity in Scotland. Scottish Biodiversity Forum.

5) Scottish Executive (2002). Biodiversity in Scotland: Progress Report. SE Central Research Unit.

6) Vascular plants (sometimes referred to as higher plants) have veins to transport fluids throughout the plant. These include ferns, flowering plants, shrubs and trees.

7) Haines-Young, R.H. et al. (2000). Accounting for nature: Assessing habitats in the UK countryside. DETR.

8) The species in the table are those with largest positive and negative changes over the period. Mean abundance is calculated for each period from individual yearly abundances, and any change between these means is tabulated.

9) The Wetland Bird Survey 1999-2000: Wildfowl and Wader Counts. Musgrove, A; Pollitt, M; Hall, C; Hearn, R; Holloway, S; Marshall, P; Robinson, J and Cranswick, P (2001). BTO/ WWT/ RSPB/ JNCC.

10) Data included for species surveyed on at least 30 sites in Scotland.

11) An additional BAP species, the Bullfinch, was recorded in fewer than 30 sites in Scotland during the 2004 survey and hence currently does not appear in the BBS results.

12) Changes statistically significant at the 5% level.

13) Mackey, E.C et al. (2001). Natural Heritage Trends: Scotland 2001. Scottish Natural Heritage

14) Raven, M.J et al. (2005). The Breeding Bird Survey 2004. BTO, JNCC, RSPB.

15) Includes grilse (salmon which have matured, or are about to mature, after one winter at sea).

16) Fixed engine fisheries operate in coastal areas. Net & coble fisheries are generally restricted to estuaries and the lower reaches of rivers. Rod & line fisheries cover recreational angling within river systems.

17) Since 1994, numbers of fish reported as caught and released by anglers have been reported separately. Prior to this, only numbers caught and retained are available.

18) Statistical Bulletin Fisheries Series No. Fis/2004/1 (2004). Scottish Salmon and Sea Trout Catches, 2003. Scottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department/Fisheries Research Services.

19) Estimates for cod, haddock and herring are for the North Sea stock. Those for saithe are for the North Sea and west of Scotland stock.

20) Data on fish stock is collected from fish landings, discards and research vessel surveys. This information is used by the International Council for the Seas ( ICES) to assess the size of a stock's SSB.

21) ICES. 2004. Report of the ICES Advisory Committee on Fishery Management and Advisory Committee on Ecosystems (2004) ICES Advice. Volume 1, Number 2. 1544 pp.

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