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Chapter 1 Footnotes1Adoption Statistics 2003, Scottish Executive
National Statistics Publication (2004).
2 Table 1.2, Children's Social Work Statistics
2003-04, Scottish Executive (2004).
Chapter 2 Footnotes1 Caroline Thomas, et al,
Adopted Children Speaking (London:
BAAF, 1999).
2 Alexandra Plumtree,
Choices for Children (Edinburgh: Scottish
Executive, 2003).
3http://www.scotland.gov.uk
4Annex A, below.
Chapter 3 Footnotes1 P. G. B. McNeill,
Adoption of Children in Scotland 3rd edition
(Edinburgh: W. Green, 1998) (hereafter, McNeill), paragraph
1.01.
2 Adoption (Scotland) Act 1978, ss.12(1) and (3)
(hereafter, 1978 Act).
3 1978 Act, ss.14 and 15.
4 1978 Act, s.16; Chapter 5, paragraphs 5.3-5.11,
5.53-5.63, below.
5 1978 Act, s.12(8).
6 Alexandra Plumtree,
Choices for Children (Edinburgh: Scottish
Executive, 2003) (hereafter,
Choices for Children), chapter 7.
7 1978 Act, s.12(6); McNeill, paragraphs 8.32-8.34;
Choices for Children, chapter 2.
8 See
chapter 2, paragraph 2.1,
below.
9Adoption Policy Review Group - Report on Phase I,
Scottish Executive (2002) (hereafter, Phase I report),
chapter 1, paragraph 13; Department of Health, "Adoption: A
New Approach, a White Paper", December 2000 (hereafter,
"Adoption"), p. 14; J. Triseliotis, J. Shireman and M.
Hundley,
Adoption: Theory, Policy and Practice (London:
Cassell, 1997), pp. 19-28.
10 R. Parker, ed.,
Adoption Now: Messages From Research (London:
Department of Health, 1999), pp. 76-78, 144-148.
11 "Adoption," p. 14; Phase I Report, p. 12.
12Chapter 1, paragraphs 1.2 -
1.3, below.
13Annex A, below.
14Choices for Children, chapter 1.
15Annex C, paragraph 5.2,
below.
16 See
chapter 5, below.
17Paragraphs 3.45 - 3.54,
below.
18 1978 Act, ss.16(1), 16(2) and 18(1).
19Annex C, paragraphs 5.3-5.11,
5.53-5.63, below.
20 1978 Act, s.16(2).
21Choices for Children, chapter 6.
22 Adoption and Children Act 2002 (hereafter 2002 Act),
c.38.
23 2002 Act, c.38, s.52(1).
24 Chapter 5, Paragraphs 5.21 - 5.22, below.
25 1978 Act, s.46.
26Choices for Children, chapter 7.
27 Law Commission of New Zealand, Report 65,
Adoption and its alternatives (2000), paragraph
461.
28 2002 Act, s.55.
29 A summary of the responses can be found on the
Scottish Executive website at
http://www.scotland.gov.uk
.
30Annex B, below.
31 2002 Act, s.144(4) and (5).
32Annex A, below.
33Annex A, paragraph 3.2,
below.
34 Children Act 2004 (hereafter "2004 Act"), c.33.
35 2002 Act, s.144(4) and (5).
36Chapter 10, paragraphs 10.15 -
10.19, below.
37 1978 Act, s.15(1)(aa).
38 1978 Act, s.39(1).
39 McNeill, paragraphs 1.04, 4.06-4.07.
40 2002 Act, s.112.
41 1995 Act, s.4; Children Act (1989), s.4.
42Family Matters: improving family law in Scotland
(Edinburgh: Scottish Executive, 2004).
43 2002 Act, s.51(2).
44 1978 Act s.15(1)(aa) inserted by 1995 Act, s.97.
45 1978 Act, s.12(3A).
46 Adoption Agencies Regs, reg. 11(5).
Chapter 4 Footnotes1 Adoption (Scotland) Act (1978) (hereafter, 1978
Act), s.12(6).
2 Children (Scotland ) Act (1995) (hereafter, 1995
Act), s.11(3)(a)(iii) and (4); for further details on the
current law see P. G. B. McNeill,
Adoption of Children in Scotland 3rd edition
(Edinburgh: W. Green, 1998), paragraphs 8.32 - 8.34, and
Alexandra Plumtree,
Choices for Children (Edinburgh: Scottish
Executive, 2003) (hereafter,
Choices for Children), chapter 2.
3 See
Annex A, below.
4Chapter 7, paragraphs 7.16 - 7.
18, below.
5 1995 Act, s.11(3)(a)(iii) and (4); Choices for
Children, chapter 2.
6Chapter 5, paragraph 5.3 - 5.7,
below.
7 West Lothian Council v M 2002 S.L.T. 1155.
8 Children Act (1989), ss.8 and 10; West Lothian
Council v M 2002 S.L.T. 1155.
9 1978 Act, s.20(5); 1978 Act, s.16, as prospectively
amended by 2002 Act, Schedule 3, paragraph 23(b), inserting
subsections (3A) to (3D).
10Chapter 7.16 - 7.18, below.
Chapter 5 Footnotes1 Alexandra Plumtree,
Choices for Children (Edinburgh: Scottish
Executive, 2003) (hereafter,
Choices for Children), chapter 3.
2Choices for Children, chapter 1.
3 Some local authorities pay "residence allowances"
under s.50 of the Children Act (1975), but these are
discretionary.
4 1996 Regulations, rr.12-18.
5 Children (Scotland) Act 1995 (hereafter, 1995 Act),
ss.86 - 88.
6 1995 Act, s.17(6)(c).
7 1995 Act, s.86(3).
8 1995 Act, s.11(3)(a)(iii) and 4(d).
9 Table 1.2, Children's Social Work Statistics
2003-04, Scottish Executive (2004).
10Chapter 2, below.
11 See
Annex A, below.
12 1995 Act, s.2(1)(a).
13 1995 Act, s.1(a), (b) and (d) and s.2(1)(a), (b) and
(d).
14 1995 Act, s.17(6)(c).
15Choices for Children, chapter 10.
16 1995 Act, ss.29 and 30.
17 1995 Act, s.86(2).
18 Adoption (Scotland) Act 1978 (hereafter, 1978 Act),
s.16(1)(a).
19Chapter 3, paragraphs 3.19 -
3.23, below.
20 1978 Act, s.20(5).
21Chapter 4, paragraphs 4.15 -
4.18, below.
22Paragraphs 5.36 - 5.48,
below.
23Chapter 7, paragraphs 7.16 -
7.19, below.
24 1995 Act, s.3(4).
25 1978 Act, s.22A; 1995 Act, s.73.
26 See
Chapter 9, paragraphs 9.10 -
9.23, below.
27 1978 Act, ss.12(9) and 18(9).
28 Adoption and Children Act ,2002 (hereafter, 2002
Act), s.115.
29 See
Chapter 10, paragraphs 10.8 -
10.11, below.
30Choices for Children, chapter 13.
31 Adoption Agencies Regs, reg. 14(2)(a).
32 Adoption Agencies Regs, reg. 14(2)(b).
33RCS 1994, r.67.13(3)(aa);
AS 1997, r.2.11(2)(b).
34 1978 Act, s.18(7).
35 A v G, unreported, 12 April 1994.
36RCS 1994, r.67.25(2)(ii);
AS 1997, r.2.28(4)(d).
37 1978 Act, s.27.
38 1978 Act, s.28.
39 1978 Act, ss.27(3) and 28(7).
40Choices for Children, chapter 14.
41cf. 1978 Act, s.29.
Chapter 6 Footnotes1 Adoption (Scotland) Act 1978 (hereafter, 1978 Act),
s.1(2)(bb) and (c).
2 1978 Act, ss.51 - 51B; Adoption Allowance (Scotland)
Regulations 1996 (1996 No. 3257 (S.247)).
3 1995 Act, s.17; Arrangements to Look After Children
(Scotland) Regulations 1996 (1996 No. 3262 (S.252));
Fostering of Children (Scotland) Regulations 1996 (1996 No.
3263 (S.253)).
4Adoption Policy Review Group - Report on Phase I
(Edinburgh: Scottish Executive, 2002) (hereafter, Phase I
report), Chapter 3.
5 Alexandra Plumtree,
Choices for Children (Edinburgh: Scottish
Executive, 2003) (hereafter,
Choices for Children), Chapter 10.
6 1978 Act, ss.1(1)-1(2).
7 Research in England and Wales identified a number of
concerns over support, particularly with regard to adoption
allowances. See Prime Minister's Report on Adoption, July
2000, pp. 43-46.
8
Annex A, below.
9Chapter 12, paragraphs 12.3 -
12.11.
10 Adoption and Children Act 2002 (hereafter, 2002
Act), ss.2(6)-2(7).
11SI 2005 No. 691.
12 1978 Act, ss.51 to 51B; Adoption Allowance
(Scotland) Regulations 1996 (1996 No. 3257 (S.247)).
13 1978 Act, s.1(2)(bb).
14 Adoption Support Services Regulations 2005,
r.3(3).
15cf. 2002 Act, s.5(1).
16 Children (Scotland) 1995 Act (hereafter 1995 Act),
s.19.
17cf. 1995 Act, s.21.
18cf. 2002 Act, s.8.
19 1978 Act, s.1(3).
20 Adoption Support Services Regulations 2005, r.7.
21cf. 2002 Act, s.4.
22 2002 Act, s.4(4).
23Chapter 10, paragraphs 10.4 -
10.7, below.
24Chapter 5, paragraph 5.24,
below.
25Chapter 10, paragraphs 10.4 -
10.11, below.
Chapter 7 Footnotes1 Dundee City Council v M, 2004 S.L.T. 640 at 644.
2 Adoption (Scotland) Act 1978 (hereafter 1978 Act),
s.25A.
3 Act of Sederunt (Rules of the Court of Session) 1994
("
RCS 1994"), Chapter 67 for the Court of
Session; Act of Sederunt (Child Care and Maintenance Rules)
1997 ("
AS 1997") for the Sheriff Court ;
RCS 1994, r.67.4A;
AS 1997, r.2.4.
4 Alexandra Plumtree,
Choices for Children (Edinburgh: Scottish
Executive, 2003) (hereafter,
Choices for Children), chapter 6.
5Adoption Policy Review Group - Report on Phase I
(Edinburgh: Scottish Executive, 2002), paragraphs 34-35,
and chart 1.
6 Similar problems were identified in England and
Wales. See Prime Minister's Report on Adoption, July 2000,
pp. 29-33.
7 Sheriff Courts (Scotland) Act 1971, s.15.
8Annex E, below.
9 Dundee City Council v M 2004 S.L.T. 640 at 644.
10 Research in England and Wales made similar
conclusions. See Prime Minister's Report on Adoption, July
2000, pp.71-72.
11Chapter 5, paragraphs 5.37 -
5.49, below.
12 F v F 1991 S.L.T. 357, also reported as
AB and
CD Petitioners 1992 S.C.L.R. 274.
13Chapter 5, paragraphs 5.41 -
5.43, below.
14Chapter 5, paragraphs 5.46 -
5.49, below.
18cf.
AS 1997, r.2.28(4)(d).
15Chapter 5, paragraphs 5.64 -
5.67, below.
16 1978 Act, s.20(5).
17Chapter 4, paragraphs 4.15 -
4.18, below.
19Chapter 8, paragraphs 8.14 -
8.23, below.
Chapter 8 Footnotes1 Adoption (Scotland) Act 1978 (hereafter, 1978 Act),
s.58(1)(a); 1995 Act, s.87(4)(a);
RCS 1994, rr.67.10, 67.23;
AS 1997, rr.2.7, 2.16, 2.25, 2.39,
2.44(3).
2RCS 1994, rr.67.11(2), 67.24(2);
AS 1997, rr.2.8(2), 2.16(2), 2.26(2),
2.40(2), 2.44(3).
3 1978 Act, s.58(1)(b); Children (Scotland) Act 1995
(hereafter, 1995 Act), s.87(4)(b);
RCS 1994, rr.67.10, 67.23;
AS 1997, rr.2.7, 2.25, 2.39.
4RCS 1994 rr.67.11(1), 67.24(1);
AS 1997, rr.2.8(1), 2.26(1),
2.40(1).
5 1978 Act, s.58(2); 1995 Act, s.87(4);
AS 1997, rr.2.7(1), 2.25(1),
2.39(1).
6 1995 Act, s.41.
7 Alexandra Plumtree,
Choices for Children (Edinburgh: Scottish
Executive, 2003) (hereafter,
Choices for Children), chapters 4 and 19.
8Choices for Children, chapter 4.
9RCS 1994, rr.67.11, 67.24;
AS 1997, rr.2.8, 2.26, 2.40.
10Annex F, below.
11 1995 Act, s.101; Curators ad Litem and Reporting
Officers (Panels) (Scotland) Regulations 2001 (
SSI 2001 No. 477).
12 1995 Act, ss.41(4) and 101; Panels of Persons to
Safeguard the Interests of Children (Scotland) Regulations
2001 (
SSI 2001 No. 476).
13 Regulation of Care (Scotland) Act 2001 (2001 asp 8),
s.75(c); 1995 Act, s.101(4) and schedule 1, paragraphs 9
and 10(b).
14Choices for Children, chapter 19.
Chapter 9 Footnotes1 To avoid confusion with local authority Adoption and
Fostering Panels this paper avoids the term 'panel' or
'children's panel' when referring to the children's hearing
system. The terms 'hearing' or 'children's hearing' are
used instead.
2 Children (Scotland) Act 1995 (hereafter, 1995 Act),
s.73(2).
3 Adoption (Scotland) Act 1978 (hereafter, 1978 Act),
s.22A; 1995 Act, s.73(4) and (8) - (14); see also Alexandra
Plumtree,
Choices for Children (Edinburgh: Scottish
Executive, 2004) (hereafter,
Choices for Children), chapter 4.
4Choices for Children, chapter 4.
5Annex A, below.
6Adoption Policy Review Group - Report on Phase I
(Edinburgh: Scottish Executive, 2003) (hereafter, Phase I
report), Chapter 1 and Recommendation 4.
7 1995 Act, s.73(4)(c).
8Annex E, below.
9Chapter 5, paragraphs 5.41 -
5.49, below.
10 1995 Act, s.73(8) - (14).
11 1995 Act , ss.73(8) and 73(13).
12Annex E, below.
13 1995 Act, s.44.
14Choices for Children, chapter 14.
Chapter 10 Footnotes1Chapter 5, below.
2 Alexandra Plumtree,
Choices for Children (Edinburgh: Scottish
Executive, 2004) (hereafter,
Choices for Children), chapters 8 and 12.
3 Children (Scotland) Act 1995 (1995 Act), s.17;
Arrangements to Look After Children (Scotland) Regulations
1996 (1996 No. 3262 (S.252)) (hereafter,
LAC Regs); Fostering of Children
(Scotland) Regulations 1996 (1996 No. 3263 (S.253))
(hereafter, Fostering Regs).
4LAC Regs, regs. 3 - 6 and Schedule
2.
5LAC Regs, regs. 8 - 10.
6 Fostering Regs, reg. 8 and Schedule 2.
7 Fostering Regs, reg. 9.
8Chapter 5, paragraph 5.24,
below.
9Chapter 6, paragraphs 6.11 -
6.14, below.
10Chapter 5, paragraphs 5.50 -
5.52, below.
11Scotland's Children, The Scottish Office (1997),
volume 2 (hereafter,
Scotland's Children), paragraph 74.
12 Fostering Regs, reg. 12(4).
13Choices for Children, chapter 8.
14Chapter 3, paragraph 3.34 and
Annex D, below.
15Choices for Children, chapter 8.
16Scotland's Children, paragraph 96.
17Scotland's Children, paragraph 97.
18 Fostering Regs, reg. 13.
19 Fostering Regs, reg. 14.
20 Fostering Regs, reg. 15; Children's Hearings
(Scotland) Rules 1996 (1996 No. 3261 (S.251)), r.20(6).
21 Fostering Regs, reg. 15; Children's Hearings
(Scotland) Rules 1996 (1996 No. 3261 (S.251)), r.20(6).
22Choices for Children, chapter 8.
23 1995 Act, s.25(1).
24 1995 Act, s.25(2).
25 1995 Act, s.17(6)(a).
26Choices for Children, chapter 8.
27Choices for Children, chapter 8.
28 Fostering Regs, regs. 16 and 17.
29Choices for Children, chapter 8.
30Chapter 11, paragraphs 11.37 -
11.40, below.
31Annex A, below.
32Choices for Children, chapter 12.
33 Foster Children (Scotland) Act 1984 (1984 c.56);
Foster Children (Private Fostering) (Scotland) Regulations
1985 (
SI 1985 No 1798 (S.134)).
34 Regulation of Care Scotland Act 2001,
s.2(14)(c).
Chapter 11 Footnotes1 Alexandra Plumtree,
Choices for Children (Edinburgh: Scottish
Executive, 2004) (hereafter,
Choices for Children), chapter 6.
2Annex A, below.
3 A summary of the responses can be found on the
Scottish Executive website at
http://www.scotland.gov.uk
.
4 Adoption and Children 2002 Act (hereafter 2002
Act), s.1(4).
5 2002 Act, s.1(4)(c).
6 Adoption Policy Review Group - Report on Phase I
(Edinburgh: Scottish Executive, 2002) (hereafter, Phase I
report), Executive Summary, paragraph 2.
7Choices for Children, chapter 18.
8 Fostering Regs, reg. 6(1); Adoption Agencies
(Scotland) Regulations 1996 (
SI 1996 No. 3266 (S.254)), regs. 11(1)
(hereafter, Adoption Agencies Regs).
9 Phase I report, chapter 1, paragraph 26.
10Choices for Children, chapter 15.
11Choices for Children, chapter 15.
12 Adoption Agencies Regs, reg. 11(3).
13 In Dundee City Council v M 2004 S.L.T. 640 the First
Division of the Court of Session held that birth parents'
rights under Articles 6 or 8 of the
ECHR were not breached if they were not
invited to attend an adoption panel.
14Paragraphs 11.5 - 11.7,
below.
15 Phase I report, chapter 1, paragraphs 34 - 35, and
chart 1.
16 Phase I report, chapter 1, recommendations 2 -
7.
17 Adoption Agencies (Scotland) Regulations 1996 (
SI 1996 No. 3266 (S.254)), regs.
12-18.
18 National Care Standards for adoption agencies,
Scottish Executive (2002).
19Choices for Children, chapter 18.
20Chapter 7, paragraph 7.9,
below.
21Choices for Children, chapter 18.
22Choices for Children, chapter 15.
23 National Care Standards for foster care and family
placement services, standards 5 - 12.
24 Adoption Agencies Regs, reg. 10(5)(b).
25 National Care Standards for foster care and family
placement services, Scottish Executive (2002), standard
6.1.
26 National Care Standards for foster care and family
placement services, standard 12.10.
27 National Care Standards for foster care and family
placement services, standard 11.10.
28 Fostering Regs, reg. 10(1.)
29Choices for Children, chapter 17.
30 Fostering Regulations 2002 (S.I. 2002/57) and the
Fostering Regulations (Wales) 2003 (S.I. 2003/237
(W.35)).
31 National Minimum Standards for Fostering Services,
Department of Health (2002), standards 22.8 - 22.10.
32Choices for Children, chapter 15.
Chapter 12 Footnotes1 Alexandra Plumtree,
Choices for Children (Edinburgh: Scottish
Executive, 2004) (hereafter,
Choices for Children), chapter 11.
2 Adoption (Scotland) Act 1978 (hereafter, 1978 Act),
s.45(5).
3RCS 1994, r.67.32(2)(a);
AS 1997, rr.2(14)(2)(a) and
2.33(2)(a).
4 Adoption Agencies Regs, reg. 25.
5 Adoption Agencies Regs, reg. 24(2); 1978 Act,
s.1(2)(bb).
6 1978 Act, ss.1(1)(b) and 1(2)(c).
7 Adoption and Children Act 2002 (hereafter 2002 Act),
ss.56 - 65; Disclosure of Adoption Information
(Post-Commencement Adoptions) Regulations 2005 (2005 No.
888).
8Choices for Children, Chapter 5.
9 Adoption Agencies Regs, regs. 6(1), 8(b) and 9;
LAC Regs, reg. 13(1).
10 Adoption Agencies Regs, reg. 19(1).
11 Adoption Agencies Regs, reg. 19(2)(c) and (d).
Annex A Footnote1 Every young person did not complete all the
questions in each section relevant to their
circumstances.
Annex C Foornotes1 Information on adoption in Spain was provided by
Jesus Palacios of the Dept of Psychology, University of
Seville.
2 This section is based on a more extensive discussion
of outcomes of adoptions of older and special needs
children in Selman (2003).
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