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ETHNIC IDENTITY AND THE CENSUS RESEARCH REPORT APRIL 2005

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CHAPTER SIX THE VIEWS OF DATA PROVIDERS: THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF DIFFERENT CLASSIFICATIONS

INTRODUCTION

6.1 As the concepts being discussed were very abstract, three different methods of classifying ethnicity were shown to respondents during the interviews and group discussions. These acted as stimulus materials, helping them to frame ideas and encouraging them to think about what constituted an "ideal" framework around which to base the question.

  • Three different classifications were used. Apart from the 2001 Census question on ethnicity itself, the other two examples were not selected as being the best available, rather because they presented different approaches to collecting and/or categorising ethnicity. All three examples are shown in the Appendices to this report.

6.2 Certain themes emerged which were common across all three classifications. Most fundamentally these included the usage of the terms "White", "Black" and "Asian" as a basis for the frameworks; and also the whole concept of expanding categories instead of having two or three very broad categories. These common strengths and weaknesses, as well as conceptual themes such as length of framework, are discussed in the chapter. Only those themes which were not common to all three frameworks are discussed under the individual framework headings below.

Common factors

6.3 This section considers the factors common to all three classifications. A comparison of the three classifications is made, which identifies common strengths and weaknesses and considers how respondents thought the different approaches might best be combined or otherwise changed in order to come up with a workable ethnicity framework. (As the classifications were used as stimulus material respondents were, of course, free to reject all three when they considered their 'ideal' framework.) Following this, the three common themes are considered in more detail, covering degree of specificity, single and multiple classifications, and the 'Other' category.

Comparison of categories

Common strengths

6.4 Generally, respondents felt that all three classifications would be varied enough for most people to be able to find a category that described them (although there were certain exceptions, which will be considered in the section on common weaknesses below).

6.5 Not including religion was felt to be a positive point by some, as they felt their religion was a personal matter and that it either had little to do with their ethnicity or they did not want to describe it, although others did not agree.

"I think religion should not play into, religion should be kept aside on people's personal whatever, I think religion should not divide." (Male, Age 52, Interview No.30)

6.6 Having a specific "Mixed/Dual" category was appreciated by those respondents who felt that this reflected their ethnic background. It made them feel as though they were "officially" included. As has been discussed earlier, the historical lack of a 'Mixed' code as standard in ethnicity classifications was something that certain respondents had both noticed and disliked.

"It's nice to actually be included and just be part of Scottish society completely, like officially, if you see what I mean? So I like that, I think it's lovely." (Female, Age 18-24, Interview No.27)

Common weaknesses

6.7 Although some respondents had specifically praised the classifications for avoiding the mention of religion in relation to ethnicity, others felt that the omission of categories on religion and language meant that the sample classifications were less valuable in giving a true reflection of a data provider's ethnicity.

6.8 Some respondents, particularly those who had spent time thinking about notions of ethnicity, rejected the fundamental categories around which all the classifications were based. They felt that the descriptors 'white', 'black' and 'Asian' were inconsistent, being based both around skin colour and geography. The point was also made that the categories were not inclusive. For example, respondents who were white but from Africa or the Caribbean would find it difficult to place themselves according to these categories.

6.9 Some data providers could not see any rationale for relating colour to ethnicity. They suggested instead a nationality-based list of categories. Others felt it was important to gather data on colour, but suggested that it was given less prominence, as there were other factors such as language and nationality that were also important in determining things like access to services. A similar system of nationality categories was therefore suggested, with the option of ticking 'White' or 'Black' in each.

6.10 Another issue that some respondents thought was a common weakness across the classifications was the omission of certain categories. Although respondents did vary in how specific they felt ethnicity frameworks should be, there was some discussion about which ethnic groups should be included. 'African' was thought to be a large and diverse category; some felt so large that they could not see what possible use could be made of the data. It was suggested either that specific countries should be listed or, if this would make the form too large, that the regions North, South, East and West Africa should be specified.

"I'm not African because it's undermining that Africa is a continent, you know what I mean, they're saying 'what's your ethnic background?'. African, it's actually wrong because for me, someone from Senegal to someone from South Africa, we got absolutely, I mean absolutely no ethnic anything in common apart from the colour of our skin, end of line, you know? Like I'll go today to South Africa, I'll be surprised how they live." (Male, Age 35-49, Interview No.17)

6.11 Similarly, the use of 'Asian' in subcategories was questioned by some respondents. They did not see the reason for referring to 'Asian Indian', 'Asian Bangladeshi' and so on, believing that Asian data providers would identify themselves solely in terms of their country of origin or ancestry.

"If they were going to use Asian, they don't need to use Asian Indian, Asian Pakistani. The people, if they're going to consider themselves, if they want to be called Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, they wouldn't [use] another tag, label on it that they're Asian. Either they're Asian and Asia covers a whole area, you know, quite a few countries under that, or they will consider themselves individually with their country, their link. To me, that ... it doesn't make any sense." (Male, Age 35-49, Interview No.20)

6.12 Some respondents questioned why certain countries were specified separately and not others. Although they did not necessarily feel this was a problem, and could even guess at potential reasons, such as the size of the ethnic community in Scotland, that why some countries had been picked out, they did feel that it was difficult to justify listing certain countries separately while others were left under 'Other'.

"I've always wondered why people always put Chinese, I mean there are other major Asian countries as well, like Japan… Korea, those are not in this, just Chinese. Looking from that I think it's fine. … It could be because, I think there is a bigger Chinese community in Scotland, than a Japanese or Korean, and things like that." (Male, Age 25-34, Interview No.15a)

6.13 Finally, some respondents seemed confused by the categories used. For example, one data provider who came from South Africa said that she was just as likely to tick Black Caribbean as Black African on a form, as she did not think there was a great deal of difference between them.

The Ideal method of classifying data providers

6.14 Some stage 3 respondents felt that the categories used in the example classifications were the wrong ones and proposed their own. However, others suggested ways in which the approaches adopted by the sample classifications might usefully be combined in order to make a workable framework.

6.15 Generally, the preference was for the national identity question in Classification 2, but with the Census categories replacing the second part asking about ethnic background. Respondents liked the opportunity to emphasise their national identity, whilst at the same time keeping it separate from their ethnicity. The Census categories were chosen over those in the second part of Classification 2 for two reasons: because the 'White' category was wider and because it offered respondents the chance to specify (write in) other ethnic backgrounds.

Specificity of categories

6.16 The degree of specificity respondents wanted from an ethnicity framework was discussed and respondents fell into three broad types:

  • Those who wanted a short classification framework, which they could fill in quickly, and were willing to accept the lack of detail and clarity this would mean. Some of these respondents suggested as few as three categories would be acceptable to them: 'White', 'Black' and 'Asian'. However, these respondents also understood that greater specificity was important to other people, and stated that they did not mind filling in a more specific framework.
  • Those who acknowledged the theoretical benefits to greater specificity of categories, but who felt that at some point pragmatism would mean that the list would have to be curtailed. Some of these respondents did, however, make the point that frameworks could be far more specific if they were only going to be used with certain communities.

"It's just that if you had a category of Chinese or Hong Kong, then you're running the risk of, the form will be like 3 pages long, because there are Chinese all over the world, there are Chinese from mainland China, Chinese from Taiwan, Chinese from Singapore, Malaysia. … So I would guess that if this survey is concentrated on the Chinese community then definitely you would need to … [specify] types of Chinese. But if it's for, the whole of Britain, then people who are not Chinese will be completely bored to death. Just like if you look at an African person, then you will probably think this classification is not specific enough, but if everybody wants to be as specific as possible then your leaflet will be like 3 pages long." (Male, Age 35-49, Interview No.15)

"Under Indian there is like, just not Sri Lankan, there is Tamil, there are different groups in India, so where - I mean, how are you going to…. I mean, under Indian, I mean, they speak different languages. There is the Tamils and I don't know who they sort of, you know, aligned with. Do they align themselves with Indian or Tamil? I mean, so it is going to be many, many different - you will have to have so many different categories." (Female, Age 25-34, Interview No.9)

  • Those who wanted specificity to a potentially infinite degree.

Single and multiple classifications

6.17 Respondents were divided over whether they were happier with single or multiple questions on ethnicity. Those who preferred a single ethnicity question said that this was because such frameworks were quicker and easier to work with on the part of the data provider. Some also felt that the elements that might be used as a separate stage, such as religion, were private.

"Obviously if you want to find out my religion or you want to find out me weight and my height and all that kind of stuff, that's something that I would - That's personal, if you see what I mean, but things that anyone could kind of find out, you can even find out by looking at me, then I find that that's fine, but anything underneath that I think is a wee bit personal." (Female, Age 18-24, Interview No. 27)

6.18 On the other hand, respondents were very positive when shown the two-stage framework which also included nationality, as it allowed people to state their Scottish-ness or British-ness as well as their ethnic background; although those who felt nationality and ethnicity were the same thing did not see a need for this distinction.

6.19 Although respondents generally liked the nationality question, some thought that there were other categories which could usefully be added as a separate stage, for example religion and language. They felt that these would provide an even clearer picture of data providers' identity, as for members of some religions this could form the most important factor in their thinking about ethnicity. Language was thought to be an important factor in ethnicity too, and to be particularly helpful in distinguishing between different groups of white people.

The 'Other' category

6.20 Respondents also differed in their attitudes towards the 'Other' category. For some, being forced to use it could be an annoying experience, which made them feel excluded. Others assumed that the categories on the frameworks were based on population sizes and did not therefore mind being 'unrepresented' if they were part of a numerically very small community.

6.21 Respondents' feelings about the 'Other' category also had a bearing on how they felt about specificity. There were those who preferred a longer list of codes in order to use the 'Other' code as little as possible; but also those who wanted the form to be concise even if it meant they would not be included.

"I feel alright with that because I know for a fact that there's not so many Filipinos in the country, so I'm fine with that, because we really are a minor number in the population, so that's what I think." (Female, Interview No.18)

The example classifications used in the research are now considered, and the strengths and weaknesses of each considered.

SPECIFIC COMMENTS ON EACH EXAMPLE CLASSIFICATION:

CLASSIFICATION 1: ONE-STAGE classification; wholly pre-coded

Initial reactions

6.22 Respondents' first reactions were that there was a wide selection of categories and that they would be able to classify themselves according to this framework. Those respondents who at the time of recruitment had classified themselves as something specific that was not represented found it easy to find a corresponding category that they felt fitted them well. For example, the respondent who had defined himself as "Greek Cypriot" when asked his ethnicity said:

"Here they describe more or less everything you want to know, the only thing I don't understand, why any other ethnic group, they're all there more or less. ... I don't think you can have any other ethnic group than what they are asking you there. … If they ask me, because that's what I am, I'm white, I come from Europe, I'm a white European, and there isn't other things in here the way you can describe me, I think." (Male, Age 50+, Interview No.35)

Strengths

6.23 On first sight respondents generally felt that this framework had a selection of categories long enough to describe the range of ethnic classifications well, and that it would both enable data providers to fill it in and data users to work with it.

6.24 The fact that the framework has a specific 'Mixed/Dual' category was appreciated by those respondents who felt that this reflected their ethnic background. It made them feel as though they were 'officially' included. As has been discussed earlier, the historical lack of a 'Mixed' code as standard in ethnicity classifications was something that some respondents had both noticed and disliked. Having a 'Mixed Other' category was appreciated, although views were mixed on the other sub-categories (see Weaknesses).

6.25 This framework was also liked because it included a separate White European category. Respondents from elsewhere in Europe did not feel the need for a list of all the different European countries (although one British person identified a need for this), but nevertheless appreciated being able to tick something more specific than "White Other".

6.26 Having the questions closed and in "tick box" format was thought to be a strength by some, as they said they were easy to fill in. Again, as will be discussed later, not all respondents took this point of view.

"It makes life a lot easier, tick boxes." (Male, Age 35-49, Interview No.20)

Weaknesses

6.27 Some respondents found it difficult to decide where they would put themselves should they be presented with this classification. This was particularly the case for respondents who wanted to identify themselves as Scottish as well as another ethnicity, and who were not White or partly White. Although they might be able to find a category that they would be able to fit into, they said they would prefer to acknowledge their Scottish-ness. One respondent of Chinese ethnicity, with a preference for describing himself as 'Scottish Chinese', said that he would be more likely to tick 'Asian - Other' over 'Chinese' on the list presented, as he felt that the fact he was not describing himself as being wholly Chinese represented being a Scottish-born Chinese person better.

"There's none here that I can say, apart from the Pakistani. As I said earlier, I would rather say Pakistani Scottish." (Male, Age 35-49, Interview No.20)

"I would tick other Asian, Asian British, I don't know, but that's what I would have ticked, because I am Asian British if you like." (Male, Age 25-34, Interview No.15a)

6.28 Not everyone appreciated that the 'Mixed' category was subdivided into a list of pre-coded options. This was for two reasons. Firstly, it was felt that they did not reflect the full range and diversity of Mixed backgrounds, but only those involving White plus another of the broad ethnic categories. Secondly, one respondent with a mixed White and Asian background, who would ostensibly have been represented, said that the way the categories were specified implied that she took half of her ethnicity from each. Respondents would not necessarily choose this option even if they could relate to it in some way.

"Myself I would say I would probably put white and Asian or any other mixed background…. It is just that usually the 'any other mixed background' option doesn't come up on forms. It is usually just white and Asian. And whilst I do know a wee bit about being half Indian and so on, it's, I am not… 50% in this case. So I would prefer to choose, I would feel more comfortable choosing any other mixed background." (Female, Age 18-24, Interview No.24)

6.29 Some respondents did not understand the reason for including certain groups, for example Somali and, Gypsy Traveller. This was for two reasons: because they were felt to be unusual groups to include, and thus might make people of these ethnicities feel conspicuous and as though they had been identified for a specific reason such as being in great need; or because they could be fitted into other categories - for example, Somali people would be able to tick Black African and Gypsy Travellers would also have an ethnicity such as White British or White Other. In the case of Gypsy Travellers, people (of non-Gypsy Traveller heritage) objected to the name, as they felt it was probably a racist term, and therefore said that people might be offended by it.

"It might be useful for a company or organisation, but, imagine if I was from Somali [sic] and I knew how my country is. Like they are poor, they don't have enough food, there are a lot of diseases, maybe I would feel a bit embarrassed. Do you know what I mean. … I would say, oh should I say really that, or should I say for example, African." (Female, Age 25-34, Interview No.23)

"That first one, I think it's crazy. … I mean do you have to be, I don't know, a gypsy. You'll be either Irish or Scottish or English or whatever. … Traveller of Irish heritage, that's a new one. I've never heard of that." (Female, Age 65+, Interview No.25)

6.30 The fact that there were no other definitions other than "Traveller of Irish Heritage" to define Travellers was also thought to be a weakness. However, the Showground (Occupational) Traveller who was interviewed did not feel this was the case, and said that he would unhesitatingly tick "White British". This was because he saw 'travelling' as something which constituted his job rather than his ethnicity.

"Gypsy travellers see themselves as an ethnic group. I see myself as an indigenous Scottish person or British person who, I operate a small business which I inherited from my father. And the only difference between myself and any other small business person is that my business entails moving around the country." (Interview Ref. Occupational Travellers)

6.31 Another category which people felt should be expanded was 'White British'. Respondents thought that many people would prefer to define themselves as English, Irish, Scottish or Welsh and that this was more important than defining themselves as British. They felt that having a broad definition like 'White British' had the potential to upset people by not giving them the opportunity to articulate a more specific Scottish, English or other identity.

"The white British here is encompassing Welsh and Scottish and English and they haven't broken that down; I'd prefer to see white British broken down into Scottish, English, Welsh or Northern Irish and have that as separate." (Female, Age 29, Interview No.14)

6.32 Classification 1 placed the 'Chinese' category under 'Other'. Both Chinese and non-Chinese respondents noticed this; many of the respondents who were not Chinese assumed that Chinese people would be offended by this. Although Chinese respondents did not express offence, one respondent did say that it made her feel "lost" and in general people did feel that it would fit better under the 'Asian' category.

"It is just Chinese here… and it is like we are not part of anything and it is just like, I don't know, I just thought we would belong to something anyway. … [it makes me feel] lost." (Female, Age 25, Interview No.16)

6.33 Finally, some respondents felt that there should be an opportunity for data providers to write in their ethnicity for the 'Other' and 'Mixed' categories.

CLASSIFICATION 2: two-stage classification including national identity, wholly pre-coded

Initial reactions

6.34 This form had mixed reactions compared when compared to Classification 1 described above. Although the second section was felt to collect data on ethnicity in roughly the same way as the first form, the two-stage approach was generally considered to be different from the first form's one-stage approach. Respondents also characterised is as "friendlier" and "less offensive" in appearance; however, this was probably because of the more finished layout.

Strengths

6.35 Those who wanted to classify themselves as Scottish or British but were not of White ethnicity said that Classification 2 allowed them to express their Scottish-ness or British-ness whilst also recognising their ethnic origin. The respondent who described herself as Mixed ethnicity, and who saw herself as partly White Scottish, said that this was very much preferable to ticking 'Mixed', as it allowed her to express that she was part-Scottish in ethnicity and also Scottish in nationality. Being able to identify national identity was very important to some respondents, for whom their Scottish-ness or British-ness was a source of considerable pride.

"I actually really like that, because I'm really proud to be Scottish. Yes, I like that." (Female, Age 18-24, Interview No.27)

6.36 Some respondents thought that the two-stage approach might mean that higher-quality data was collected, as the ethnicity data would not be compromised through people's desire to state their national identity. These respondents also thought it would clarify the question for those who had a tendency to assume that ethnicity was the same as nationality.

6.37 The Chinese respondents interviewed preferred the inclusion of the Chinese category under Asian. This was felt to be more comfortable and easier to find, and also more geographically logical.

"For one thing, this one is more geographically correct. Because Chinese is now part of Asia, which is correct, but now Chinese is … which stands out from like from the rest basically. So this is more factually correct, I think it's more well organised." (Male, Age 35-49, Interview No.15)

6.38 Respondents also commented that the UK was broken down into its constituent countries, with British also included as an option. Although comments on this issue were negative as well as positive (see next section) having the different countries listed was thought to provide scope for those who wished to express a regional identity to do so. As discussed earlier, respondents were aware that feelings often ran high on this issue and so felt it to be sensible to break down the category. One respondent also commented positively that she had never before seen Northern Ireland listed on a form. Similarly, there were respondents who were aware that it was more important to some people to feel British than, for example, Scottish or English. Some respondents who were not British by birth but who had lived in Scotland for some years felt they would be more likely to feel British than they would one of the constituent country nationalities, which they saw as specific, regional and associated with having been born in the country.

"Because I am in Britain, I don't want to, I don't want to say English or Scottish or I don't know. British is more, more this, yes. … British is more wider term." (Female, Age 35-49, Interview No.8)

Weaknesses

6.39 As mentioned above, there were also respondents who disliked having a nationality breakdown. This was for three reasons:

  • They saw the category as superfluous, as anyone identifying with a single nationality will also be British. One respondent referred to people who insisted on classifying themselves more specifically than British as "stubborn";

"I would put British because it has been on my passport and when I fill the form, you know, I always tick British; like college form. What nationality, British, whatever, I just fill in, and jobs, always British, because I always thought, like, Scottish was, like, stubborn, so I was like, OK, I am not going to." (Female, Age 25, Interview No.16)

  • They felt that the identities Scottish, English, Northern Irish and Welsh were regional identities, not national; and
  • They felt that the categories could be expanded. For example, respondents said that Asian, or other, nationalities should be included. The category respondents felt did need to be added, however, was Irish, by which respondents meant the Republic of Ireland. This was felt to have a much stronger case for inclusion than other nationalities, especially in a Scottish categorisation. This was for three reasons: because of the number of Irish people that live in the UK and, more specifically, Scotland; because the Republic of Ireland was seen as very similar culturally to the UK and, in particular, Scotland; and because Ireland is geographically part of the British Isles.

"English, Scottish, Northern Ireland, Wales, is British, if you take British away altogether, anybody who ticks Scottish, English, Northern Ireland, Welsh, are British, and the regions are separate" (Male, Age 52, Interview No.30)

6.40 Some felt there was no need for the first question on nationality at all. These people tended to see nationality as being either a very similar concept or the same as ethnicity.

"National identity and ethnicity? [You want to know] what's the difference? … Maybe two different words that end up with the same meaning, yes." (Female, Age 35-49, Interview No.8)

6.41 One respondent disputed the description White UK in the second half of the classification. She felt that it had negative and nationalistic connotations.

"That makes me think of the BNP, you know, by putting white UK. I would just never, ever classify myself as white and I think the people that do are negative against people who aren't [white]." (Female, Age 29, Interview No.14)

6.42 Objections were also raised to the number of categories given for the White category. This was because it was thought that White Other did not adequately specify where someone was from. It was suggested that the category White European might be added at a minimum.

"It could have said "from Europe" or something, actually say. Some of the others say, like 'Asian Pakistan'; it would have been nice if it said… because there is not so many Greeks here in Scotland as I suppose Pakistanis or Asians, there's no any other way of describing myself on there than by 'white other'." (SEX???, Age 50+, Interview No.35)

6.43 Finally, respondents spoke about the Occupational Traveller category. The respondent who could technically be described as an Occupational Traveller, as mentioned earlier, said that he did not feel the need to classify himself as anything other than White British, distinguishing his ethnicity from his job. He felt that putting Occupational Travellers with Gypsy Travellers confused those who were ethnically Gypsies with those who travelled as part of their work, and potentially created situations where they could suffer by association with the negative perceptions some people had of other traveller groups. However, he did see a need for data to be collected on those who spend their lives travelling in terms of service provision, and consequently did not oppose the category. Respondents who were not themselves Travellers sometimes found this category confusing, associating it with travelling salesmen, for example.

"This is asking for your ethnic background, what's an occupational traveller well I wouldn't think that that is… ethnicity. …Because it's not describing the person from an ethnic point of view. Occupational traveller could apply to anyone." (Female, Age 23, Interview No.33)

CLASSIFICATION 3: 2001 CENSUS CATEGORIES

Initial reactions

6.44 The Census was thought to have a similar approach to Classification 1 and similar categories to both Classification 1 and the second stage of Classification 2. However, some respondents thought it strange that the categories should be less specific than those in the other classifications, as they would have assumed it would be more specific with the aim of gathering more precise data.

Strengths

6.45 The main strength of the Census classification was thought to be the provision of open questions for the Other categories and Mixed category, or of spaces where ethnicity could be specified if the respondent wanted to. Respondents acknowledged that some people would prefer to give their precise ethnicity rather than tick a box. Adding a space for the respondent to describe their ethnicity was also thought to mean that higher-quality data could be collected.

"You're putting other there and what does other mean? It could mean anywhere in the world, so it's not telling the person that's reading that then very much." (Female, Age 65+, Interview No.25)

6.46 The provision of a space to write in more specific information also removed confusion in people's minds about whether or not to write on the form, as well as ticking the box. Respondents who habitually ticked 'Other' said they were often confused about whether they should do so.

"It's not so much different from those two [Classifications 1 and 2], but the good thing is, it mentioned that if you want to write, you know, you can, you don't have that doubt, should I write down or should I not, you know. … because it put these, you know, like empty places." (Female, Age 25, Interview No.23)

6.47 In common with Classification 2, 'Chinese' was included under the 'Asian' category and this was thought to fit better with respondents' preferences as well as seeming more logical.

6.48 Irish respondents liked the provision of 'Irish' as a separate category in the Census classifications; however, for some this was thought to be a weakness.

Weaknesses

6.49 In common with the other classifications, there were thought to be some areas where there was a lack of clarity about the categories used. Respondents were not sure where some people would put themselves. Although 'Irish' was given as a category, respondents were unsure whether this referred to the whole of Ireland or just to the Republic. They thought that, at the least, Northern Irish respondents would be unclear whether or not to tick it.

6.50 The White category, in common with Classification 2, was not thought to be broken down far enough. Like this classification, it lacked a White European category.

6.51 One respondent felt that the Census categories did not have a specifically Scottish focus. He believed that such categories were worked out centrally in London and then applied across the UK, and that they were therefore not necessarily applicable to Scotland. However, he did not offer any suggestions on how they might adopt a more Scottish focus. Another respondent felt that the terms Asian Scottish and Asian British were not readily understandable.

6.52 One respondent was concerned that the form included 'White Scottish' and 'Black Scottish' as broad headings, but listed 'Mixed' as a heading on its own. This seemed to imply that respondents of Mixed ethnicity were not considered to be Scottish. Additionally, she complained that the amount of space provided for her to write in her ethnicity was inadequate.

"There's never a box big enough to fit Scottish South African, or you'd be Afro-Scot, that's what you - I hate that, I hate writing that, but it was only because the boxes were too small to write that in. So yes, it's fine that it's got the box in, you can do it, but it's still kind of excluding you, if you know what I mean, because everyone else is included." (Female, Age 18-24, Interview No.27)

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