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Migration and Commuting in Urban and Rural Scotland
5. Appendix A: Key Themes from Census 2001 by Urban Rural Classification
5.1 Introduction
Census 2001 is a rich data source and provides a wide range of statistics beyond migration and commuting. The Census 2001 contains information on the characteristics of the population and households for which previously there were no estimates. For example, issues such as knowledge of Gaelic, second homes, and provision of care.
This appendix presents statistics on the key themes from the census 2001 by Urban Rural classification. By doing so it brings together in one report, key themes from Census 2001 for urban and rural Scotland. The key themes are: cultural, housing, health and care, employment and education.
5.2 Cultural
5.2.1 Knowledge of Gaelic
Table A1 shows knowledge of Gaelic by geographic area. In Scotland as a whole 98% of the population have no knowledge of Gaelic. Remote areas have the highest percentages of population with knowledge of Gaelic (6% in remote small towns and 10% in remote rural areas).
Only 1% of the population in accessible rural areas have knowledge of Gaelic and this figure is the same as that for urban areas and accessible small towns.
Table A1: Knowledge of Gaelic by Urban Rural Classification, 2001
Geographic area | No knowledge of Gaelic | but cannot speak, read or write Gaelic | Speaks, reads and writes Gaelic | Speaks but neither reads nor writes Gaelic | Other combination of skills |
Large Urban Areas | 98.7% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.2% | 0.2% |
Other Urban Areas | 98.9% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.2% |
Accessible Small Towns | 98.9% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.2% |
Remote Small Towns | 93.9% | 1.6% | 2.0% | 1.5% | 0.9% |
Accessible Rural | 98.7% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.2% | 0.2% |
Remote Rural | 89.4% | 2.0% | 4.5% | 2.3% | 1.7% |
Scotland | 98.2% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.3% |
Source: General Register Office for Scotland, 2001 Census.
Based on all people.
5.2.2 Current religion
Table A2 shows the current religion of people in Scotland by geographic area. The percentage of people in Scotland reporting no current religion is 28%. All geographic areas have a similar percentage of their populations with no current religion as the Scottish average (at between 27% and 28%). The Church of Scotland is the most common religion in Scotland as a whole and across the geographic areas.
Table A2: Current Religion by Urban Rural Classification, 2001
Geographic Area | None | Church of Scotland | Roman Catholic | Other Christian | Buddhist | Hindu | Jewish | Muslim | Sikh | Another Religion | Not Answered |
Large Urban Areas | 27.3% | 35.5% | 22.0% | 5.7% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 1.7% | 0.3% | 0.7% | 6.1% |
Other Urban Areas | 28.1% | 43.9% | 15.3% | 6.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 0.1% | 0.4% | 5.4% |
Accessible Small Towns | 27.7% | 48.3% | 11.6% | 6.8% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.3% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 4.8% |
Remote Small Towns | 26.6% | 52.2% | 6.9% | 8.7% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 4.9% |
Accessible Rural | 27.4% | 50.0% | 8.3% | 8.5% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.5% | 4.9% |
Remote Rural | 26.6% | 49.0% | 5.8% | 12.8% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.6% | 4.8% |
Scotland | 27.5% | 42.4% | 15.9% | 6.8% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.8% | 0.1% | 0.5% | 5.5% |
Source: General Register Office for Scotland, 2001 Census.
Based on all people.
5.2.3 Ethnic group
Table A3 shows the proportion of the population in different ethnic groups by geographic area. Compared to the Scottish average (88%), other urban areas have the largest percentage of population in the White Scottish ethnic group (92%). Remote rural Scotland has the lowest percentage of population in the White Scottish group (80%). Accessible rural and remote rural Scotland have higher percentages of population in the 'Other White British' ethnic group (12% and 17% respectively) than the Scottish average of 7%.
There are low percentages of population in other ethnic groups in all geographic areas.
Table A3: Ethnic Group by Urban Rural Classification, 2001
Geographic area | White Scottish | Other White British | White Irish | Other White | Indian | Pakisi-tani | Bangla-deshi | Other South Asian | Chinese | Carib-bean | African | Black Scottish or other Black | Any Mixed back-ground | Other ethnicgroup |
Large Urban Areas | 87.16% | 5.63% | 1.43% | 2.11% | 0.57% | 1.29% | 0.08% | 0.24% | 0.56% | 0.05% | 0.19% | 0.03% | 0.35% | 0.31% |
Other Urban Areas | 91.52% | 5.58% | 0.74% | 1.02% | 0.15% | 0.28% | 0.02% | 0.06% | 0.23% | 0.03% | 0.06% | 0.02% | 0.19% | 0.12% |
Accessible Small Towns | 89.90% | 7.55% | 0.63% | 1.04% | 0.12% | 0.19% | 0.02% | 0.05% | 0.14% | 0.03% | 0.04% | 0.01% | 0.18% | 0.10% |
Remote Small Towns | 89.18% | 8.49% | 0.50% | 1.07% | 0.09% | 0.08% | 0.03% | 0.05% | 0.14% | 0.03% | 0.03% | 0.02% | 0.18% | 0.09% |
Accessible Rural | 84.94% | 12.09% | 0.68% | 1.49% | 0.11% | 0.13% | 0.01% | 0.04% | 0.12% | 0.03% | 0.03% | 0.01% | 0.19% | 0.11% |
Remote Rural | 80.01% | 17.24% | 0.60% | 1.62% | 0.05% | 0.03% | 0.01% | 0.03% | 0.06% | 0.03% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.18% | 0.09% |
Scotland | 88.09% | 7.38% | 0.98% | 1.54% | 0.30% | 0.63% | 0.04% | 0.12% | 0.32% | 0.04% | 0.10% | 0.02% | 0.25% | 0.19% |
Source: General Register Office for Scotland, 2001 Census.
Based on all people.
5.3 Housing
5.3.1 Use of housing stock
Table A4 shows the percentage of the housing stock that is occupied and unoccupied by geographic area. In Scotland as a whole, 95% of housing stock is occupied and 5% unoccupied. Remote rural areas in Scotland have the lowest percentage of occupied household space with 83% occupied (compared to the Scottish average of 95%).
Of the 5% unoccupied space in Scotland, 1% is unoccupied as a result of second residence/holiday accommodation and 4% is vacant. In remote rural areas, the percentage of housing stock that is accounted for by second homes is particularly high (11%) with the remaining unoccupied household space in rural areas being accounted for by vacant household space (5%).
Table A4: Use of Housing Stock by Urban Rural Classification, 2001
Geographic Area | Occupied household space | Unoccupied household space | Second residence/holiday accommodation | Vacant household space |
Large Urban Areas | 95.6% | 4.4% | 0.3% | 4.1% |
Other Urban Areas | 96.4% | 3.6% | 0.3% | 3.3% |
Accessible Small Towns | 96.6% | 3.4% | 0.4% | 3.0% |
Remote Small Towns | 93.7% | 6.3% | 2.3% | 4.1% |
Accessible Rural | 94.2% | 5.8% | 2.1% | 3.7% |
Remote Rural | 83.5% | 16.5% | 11.3% | 5.3% |
Scotland | 94.9% | 5.1% | 1.3% | 3.8% |
Source: General Register Office for Scotland, 2001 Census.
Based on all household spaces.
5.3.2 Housing tenure
Figure A1 shows housing tenure by geographic area. In Scotland, 62% of people own their own home. Large urban areas have the lowest percentage of people owning their own home (59%) whilst accessible rural areas have the highest (68%).
Remote rural areas also have a higher percentages of people living rent-free (6%) compared to the Scottish average of 4%.
Figure A1: Housing Tenure by Urban Rural Classification, 2001
Source: General Register Office for Scotland, 2001 Census.
Based on all people in households.
5.3.3 Accommodation type
Table A5 shows accommodation type by geographic area. The majority of people across geographic areas live in unshared dwellings. In Scotland as a whole, 71% live in a house or bungalow. Large urban areas have the lowest percentage of people living in a house or bungalow (54%) and remote rural areas have the highest percentage (94%). Of all houses and bungalows, remote rural areas have a high percentage of detached houses (60%) compared to the Scottish average of 24%.
Large urban areas have a high percentage of people living in flats, maisonettes or apartments (46%) compared to the Scottish average of 29%.
Table A5: Accommodation Type by Urban Rural Classification, 2001
Geographic area | In an unshared dwelling | In a shared dwelling |
House or bungalow | Detached | Semi- detached | Terraced | Flat, maisonette or apartment | Caravan or other mobile or temporary structure | |
Large Urban Areas | 54% | 12% | 23% | 19% | 46% | 0.1% | 0.1% |
Other Urban Areas | 76% | 20% | 28% | 28% | 23% | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Accessible Small Towns | 83% | 27% | 31% | 25% | 17% | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Remote Small Towns | 79% | 27% | 30% | 22% | 21% | 0.2% | 0.1% |
Accessible Rural | 91% | 48% | 26% | 16% | 9% | 0.5% | 0.0% |
Remote Rural | 94% | 60% | 24% | 10% | 6% | 0.6% | 0.0% |
Scotland | 71% | 24% | 26% | 22% | 29% | 0.2% | 0.1% |
Source: General Register Office for Scotland, 2001 Census.
Based on all people in households.
5.3.4 Central heating
Table A6 shows the proportion of household spaces with and without central heating by geographic area. In Scotland as a whole, 7% of households are without central heating. Households in large urban areas and in remote rural areas have high percentages of households without central heating (11% and 10% respectively).
Households in other urban areas and accessible small towns are least likely to be without central heating (3% each).
Table A6: Central Heating by Urban Rural Classification
| With central heating | Without central heating |
Large Urban Areas | 89% | 11% |
Other Urban Areas | 97% | 3% |
Accessible Small Towns | 97% | 3% |
Remote Small Towns | 95% | 5% |
Accessible Rural | 94% | 6% |
Remote Rural | 90% | 10% |
Scotland | 93% | 7% |
Source: General Register Office for Scotland, 2001 Census.
Based on all occupied households spaces.
5.4 Health and Care
5.4.1 General health
Table A7 shows general health by geographic area (age standardised and unstandardised for age and for two age groups below and above aged 65). Age standardised rates allow comparisons between populations with different age structures. 11 The unstandardised rates show that, in Scotland, nine in ten people in Scotland (90%) reported their health as good/fairly good. People in rural areas generally report better health than those in urban areas. This reported better health increases in a linear manner with those in small towns reporting better general health than those in urban areas.
Even after age-standardising, the general health of people in rural areas remains higher than the Scottish average and of those in urban areas and small towns.
Age-standardised health rates are also higher for people in rural areas aged over 65 than the Scottish average (82% to 84% compared to 78% for Scotland).
Table A7: General Health by Urban Rural Classification, 2001
Geographic area | Unstandardised health rates | Age standardised health rates |
All ages | Under 65 | Over 65 | All ages | Under 65 | Over 65 |
Large Urban Areas | 89% | 91% | 75% | 89% | 91% | 75% |
Other Urban Areas | 90% | 92% | 77% | 91% | 93% | 77% |
Accessible Small Towns | 91% | 93% | 79% | 92% | 94% | 79% |
Remote Small Towns | 91% | 93% | 81% | 92% | 94% | 81% |
Accessible Rural | 92% | 94% | 82% | 93% | 95% | 82% |
Remote Rural | 92% | 94% | 84% | 94% | 95% | 84% |
Scotland | 90% | 92% | 78% | 91% | 93% | 78% |
Source: General Register Office for Scotland, 2001 Census.
Based on all people in households.
5.4.2 Limiting long-term illness
Table A8 shows the rates of limiting long-term illness by geographic areas (age-standardised and unstandardised for age and for two age groups below and above aged 65). Age standardised rates allow comparisons between populations with different age structures. Limiting long term illness refers to a health problem or disability which limits activity or work.
In Scotland, the overall percentage of people reporting a limiting long term illness or disability that restricted their daily lives was 20% (unstandardised). People in rural areas generally report lower rates of limiting long term illness than those in urban areas (17% to 18% in rural areas compared to 20% to 21% in urban areas) (unstandardised). In general, the proportion of people reporting limiting long- term illness increases as the degree of rurality decreases.
Even after age-standardising, the rate of limiting long-term illness of people in rural areas remains lower than the Scottish average and of those in urban areas and small towns.
Age-standardised limiting long-term illness rates are also lower for people in rural areas aged over 65 than the Scottish average (46% to 48% compared to 53% for Scotland).
Table A8: Limiting Long-standing Illness by Urban Rural Classification, 2001
Geographic area | Unstandardised Limiting Long Term Illness rates | Age-standardised Limiting Long Term Illness rates |
All ages | Under 65 | Over 65 | All ages | Under 65 | Over 65 |
Large Urban Areas | 21% | 15% | 55% | 19% | 15% | 55% |
Other Urban Areas | 20% | 14% | 54% | 18% | 13% | 54% |
Accessible Small Towns | 19% | 13% | 53% | 17% | 12% | 53% |
Remote Small Towns | 20% | 13% | 50% | 16% | 12% | 49% |
Accessible Rural | 17% | 11% | 48% | 15% | 11% | 48% |
Remote Rural | 18% | 12% | 46% | 14% | 10% | 46% |
Scotland | 20% | 14% | 53% | 17% | 13% | 53% |
Source: General Register Office for Scotland, 2001 Census.
Based on all people in households.
5.4.3 Provision of unpaid care
Table A9 shows the percentage of people in Scotland providing unpaid care by geographic area. In Scotland as a whole, the percentage of people not providing care is 90% and the percentages are very similar across geographic areas at 90%-91%. The number of hours of care provided is also similar across geographic areas.
Table A9: Provision of Unpaid Care by Urban Rural Classification, 2001
Geographic area | Provides no care | Provides 1-19 hours care a week | Provides 20-49 hours care a week | Provides 50 or more hours care a week |
Large Urban Areas | 90% | 6% | 1% | 2% |
Other Urban Areas | 90% | 6% | 1% | 2% |
Accessible Small Towns | 91% | 6% | 1% | 2% |
Remote Small Towns | 91% | 6% | 1% | 2% |
Accessible Rural | 91% | 6% | 1% | 2% |
Remote Rural | 91% | 6% | 1% | 2% |
Scotland | 90% | 6% | 1% | 2% |
Source: General Register Office for Scotland, 2001 Census.
Based on all people.
5.5 Employment
5.5.1 Hours worked
Table A10 shows the hours worked by people aged 16 to 74 in employment. In Scotland the percentage of people aged 16 to 74 in employment working more than 60 hours a week is 6%. Rural areas have higher percentages of people aged 16 to 74 working more than 60 hours (10% in accessible rural areas and 13% in remote rural areas).
Table A10: Hours Worked by Urban Rural Classification
Geographic area | Part-time | Full-time | 31-37 hours | 38-48 hours | 49-59 hours | 60 hours and over |
Large Urban Areas | 24% | 76% | 22% | 42% | 7% | 5% |
Other Urban Areas | 24% | 76% | 21% | 42% | 7% | 5% |
Accessible Small Towns | 25% | 75% | 19% | 42% | 8% | 6% |
Remote Small Towns | 27% | 73% | 18% | 40% | 8% | 8% |
Accessible Rural | 24% | 76% | 16% | 40% | 10% | 10% |
Remote Rural | 26% | 74% | 14% | 37% | 10% | 13% |
Scotland | 24% | 76% | 20% | 41% | 8% | 6% |
Source: General Register Office for Scotland, 2001 Census.
Based on all people aged 16 to 74 in employment.
5.5.2 Industry of employment
Table A11 shows industry of employment by geographic area. Compared to the Scottish average of 5% employed in primary industries, the percentage of people in accessible rural and remote rural areas working in primary industries is higher (10% and 15% respectively).
For manufacturing, the percentage of the working age population employed is 13% for Scotland, with a lower percentage observed for remote rural areas (9%). Remote rural areas have a lower percentage of their workforce employed in wholesale, trade and repairs (12%) compared to the Scottish average of 14%.
Table A11: Industry of employment by urban rural classification
Geographic area | A, B, C & E Primary Industries | D. Manu-facturing | F. Con-struction | G. Wholesale and retail trade; repairs | H. Hotels and restaurants | I, Transport, storage and communi- cations | J, K, & L Financial Services | M, N, O P & Q Education Health, and other social services, and other |
Large Urban Areas | 3% | 11% | 7% | 14% | 6% | 7% | 26% | 27% |
Other Urban Areas | 3% | 17% | 8% | 15% | 5% | 7% | 22% | 23% |
Accessible Small Towns | 5% | 15% | 9% | 15% | 5% | 6% | 21% | 24% |
Remote Small Towns | 6% | 12% | 9% | 15% | 7% | 7% | 18% | 24% |
Accessible Rural | 10% | 12% | 8% | 13% | 5% | 6% | 21% | 25% |
Remote Rural | 15% | 9% | 9% | 12% | 9% | 6% | 16% | 24% |
Scotland | 5% | 13% | 7% | 14% | 6% | 7% | 23% | 25% |
Source: General Register Office for Scotland, 2001 Census.
Based on all people aged 16 to 74 in employment.
5.6 Education
5.6.1 Qualifications
Figure A2 shows the qualifications of people aged 16 to 74 in Scotland by geographic area. The percentage of the population without qualifications is 33%. The only area with a lower percentage of the population with no qualifications is accessible rural Scotland where 31% of the population have no qualifications.
In terms of the highest level of qualifications, 19% of people in Scotland have a first degree, higher degree or professional qualification. Rural areas have higher percentages of people with higher qualifications (22% in both accessible and remote rural areas) whilst other urban areas and small towns have lower percentages (16%, 18% and 16% respectively).
Figure A2: Qualifications by Urban Rural Classification
Source: General Register Office for Scotland, 2001 Census.
Based on all people aged 16 to 74.
Note group 1 is standard grade or equivalent
group 2 is higher grade or equivalent
group 3 is HND, HNC or equivalent
group 4 is first degree, higher degree or professional qualification.
11 Statistics on general health data and limiting long-standing illness were age-standardised. The method used was direct standardisation using the European standard population
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