Scottish Government

INTERNATIONAL EVIDENCE TO SCOTLAND'S CHILDREN'S HEARINGS REVIEW
DECISION MAKING AND SERVICES RELATING TO CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE INVOLVED IN OFFENDING

Maureen Buist, Bill Whyte
Criminal Justice Social Work Development Centre for Scotland
2004

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Contents

Acknowledgements
Executive Summary
1. What Works
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Methodology
1.3 International Guidance
2 Children, Young People and Crime
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Youth Crime and associated factors
3. Balancing welfare and justice in decision making about youth crime
3.1 Introduction
3.2 What are the characteristics of a balanced system?
3.3 Australia
3.3.1 Has Australia achieved a balance?
3.4 Canada
3.4.1 Has Canada achieved a balance?
3.5 Finland
3.5.1 Has Finland achieved a balance?
3.6 The Netherlands
3.6.1 Youth justice
3.6.2 Child welfare and protection
3.6.3 Have the Netherlands achieved a balance?
3.7 New Zealand
3.7.1 Youth justice
3.7.2 Child welfare and protection
3.7.3 Has New Zealand achieved a balance?
3.8 Sweden
3.8.1 Has Sweden achieved a balance?
3.9 Youth Justice and Child Welfare : Overview and Conclusions
4. Entry and exit criteria to and from youth justice systems
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Entry and Exit criteria
4.2.1 Offence criteria
4.3 Exit points
5. The role of parents in decision making processes and implementing activities to address issues/problems
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Parental involvement in legal decision making processes
5.3 Restorative Justice and parental involvement
5.4 Programmes working with parents as agents of change
6. Participation of lay individuals in processes and procedures
6.1 Introduction: Involvement of lay people in youth courts or their equivalents
7. Delivering specific improvements in outcomes for children/young people who commit offences
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Risk factors
7.3 Protective factors
7.4 Implications for intervention
7.5 What interventions do not work?
7.6 Effectiveness Principles
7.7 Programme Integrity
7.8 Family based initiatives
7.9 School-Based Approaches
7.10 Community Approaches
7.11 Youth work
7.12 Employment and education initiatives
7.13 Sport, Leisure and Adventure
7.14 Restorative Approaches
7.15 Institutional Containment
7.16 Aftercare and Maintenance
8 Summary