The Scottish Government

« Previous | Contents |

Listen

Container Transhipment and Demand for Container Terminal Capacity in Scotland

Footnotes

1. Teu = twenty-foot equivalent unit/container.
2. Haralambides, H. E. (2002) 'Competition, excess capacity, and the pricing of port infrastructure', International Journal of Maritime Economics, Vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 323-347.
3. Cariou, P. and Haralambides, H. E. (1999) 'Capacity pools in the East/West trades', International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME) Conference: Liner Shipping: What's next? Halifax, Canada, September.
4. Chu, C.Y. & Huang, W.C. (2003) 'Handling capability comparison on container yards with different operating systems', unpublished paper submitted to Journal of Transport Reviews.
5. Porter, J. (2002) 'Is Dibden Bay dream about to be realized?' Lloyds List, 13 ^th December, p.7.
6. Porter, J. (2002) 'Act now to end UK port congestion, PLA chief tells UK government?' Lloyds List, 22 ^nd November, p. 2.
7. Wilkinson, P. (2003) 'B&Q plans freight escape from southern routes', The Times, 20 ^th January, p. 4.
8. Peters, H. (2003) Presentation at The 2nd Annual Port Investors Forum 2003 Developing, Financing & Managing Global Container Ports, London, September (Lloyds List Events: London).
9. IAPH, (2001), 'Trends in ship size' , Unpublished Report of the IAPH (International Association of Ports & Harbors) Committee for Port Industry Research and Analysis. Proceedings of the 22nd IAPH Biennial Conference, Montreal, 19-26 May. (IAPH Secretariat: Tokyo).
10. Post-Panamax refers to vessels too large for transit through the Panama Canal locks, which has a beam limit of 32m and length limit of approximately 300m.
11. Waals, F. & Wijnolst, N. (2001) 'Malacca-Max: Container shipping network economy', Published Proceedings of the International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME) Annual Conference, Hong Kong, 18-21 July.
12. Nye, T. (1999) 'Mega-terminals, Trends and Issues' , Port Technology International, pp. 197-200.
13. Ocean Shipping Consultants (2000) 'The Global Containerport Market to 2015', Ocean Shipping Consultants: Chertsey, UK.
14. A number of new hub ports have plans to deepen further to 17.0-18.0m, including Salalah (Oman), Shekou (China), and Kwang Yang (Korea).
15. Heaver, T., Meersman, H., and Van de Voorde, E., (2001) 'Co-operation and competition in international container transport: strategies for ports', Journal of Maritime Policy & Management, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 293-305.
16. According to Drewry, total container traffic handled by north European ports in 2003 is forecast at 34 million teu, of which transhipment accounts for 24.5%, equivalent to 8.4 million teu (see section 3.3.4).
17. A 'pendulum' service takes in two trade lanes, in this case Europe-Asia and Europe-North America.
18. Due to historic factors, traditional seaports tend to have significantly higher pay rates for night time and weekend working in addition to very high basic wage levels, whereas new-style transhipment hubs tend to have a more flexible shift and payment arrangement similar to other sectors of the economy.
19. At terminals where the transhipment ratio is high, productivity levels tend to be higher due to a number of factors not least the fact that yard equipment concentrates on supporting the quay cranes, more cranes can be used for longer periods on the one ship due to the greater container interchange, a shorter distance for containers to move from yard to ship or ship to ship, fewer restows, and shorter dwell times.
20. Where dredging and land infrastructure access costs are avoided to a large extent (e.g. in the case of an island transhipment terminal), then terminal construction costs may be reduced by as much as 50%.
21. Lloyds List, Friday 12 ^th December 2003.
22. European Commission (2003) 'Report of the High Level Group on the Trans-European Transport Network', European Commission: Brussels (June).
23. Office for National Statistics.
24. AB Associates and Napier University (2003) 'Regional Impact Study of the Scapa Flow Container Transhipment Port Project', Final Report for Orkney Islands Council (May).

« Previous | Contents |