« Previous | Contents |
Listen
LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCE: LESSONS IN MAINSTREAMING EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES
Footnotes
1. USGS Mainstreaming Equal Opportunities Constitution Group, Scottish Office, Edinburgh, 1998.
2. The report identified five major written sources: The Council of Europe Final Report Of The Group of Specialists on Gender Mainstreaming: conceptual framework, methodology and presentation of good practices, Strasbourg, 1998; EOC, Mainstreaming Gender Equality in Local Government: synthesis report, Manchester, 1997; the European Commission funded report Overview State of the Art Study of Research on Women in Political, Economic and Social Decision Making in Europe by J. Lovenduski and S. Stephenson, 1998; together with materials from various country reports by contributing experts; D.Stetson & A. Mazur, (eds.) Comparative State Feminism, London, Sage, 1995; and T. Rees, Mainstreaming Equal Opportunities in the European Union, London, Routledge, 1998. Materials were also gathered from a number of other bodies, for example, the European Commission, The Committee of the Regions and the United Nations. In addition, supplementary information was gathered from selected governments in Europe and elsewhere by internet, fax and telephone.
3. K. Bilton, ''Mainstreaming' Equality', unpublished briefing paper, August , 1999, p.14.
4. A copy of the basic questionnaire can be found in Appendix 1. These questions were tailored according to the existing material we had on each example.
5. Teresa Rees Mainstreaming Equality in the European Union, Routledge, 1998.
6. See, for example, Council of Europe, Final Report Of The Group of Specialists on Gender Mainstreaming, 1998; EOC, Mainstreaming Gender Equality in Local Government, 1997, Rees, Mainstreaming Equality in the European Union,1998 and USGS, Mainstreaming Equal Opportunities , 1998.
7. According to the Council of Europe, 1998, the UN had first championed the concept in 1985 at the Nairobi Third World Conference on Women.
8. UN Platform for Action, 1995.
9. UN Platform for Action, 1995, Section 209.
10. UN Platform for Action, 1995, Section 167.
11. For fuller discussion see Council of Europe, Final Report, 1998, p. 12.
12. For more information see http://www.womenwatch.un.org
13. Examples include the EOC- led transnational study of mainstreaming in local government undertaken in 1997; and the Criteria for Success in Gender Mainstreaming project led by researchers at Sheffield Hallam University in 1998-99. Both were funded under the EC Fourth Medium Term Community Action Prgramme for Equal Opportunities for Women and Men (1996-2000). Other collaborative research has been funded under the European Commission's Targeted Socio-Economic Research Fund (TSER). For example, Predicting the Impact of Policy, a project which aims to develop a gender-auditing model for EU member-states, involved participants from Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the UK. See www.liv.ac.uk/~scooper/pip.html#summary
14. See Interparliamentary Union website at: www.ipu.org/wnn-e/world.htm
15. Council of European Municipalities and Regions, Men and Women in European Municipations:Finland, France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden Acts from the Seminar in Sintra, 20-21 April, 1997, Paris: CEMR.
16. For a recent survey see. J. Lovenduski and S. Stephenson, Overview State of the Art Study of Research on women in political, economic and social decision making in Europe, European Commission, 1998.
17. Charter of Rome, 1996.
18. See USGS Citizen Participation and Social Partnerships: Involving Civil Society in the Work of Parliaments, Scottish Office Constitution Group, Edinburgh, 1998.
19. Women's Unit Minister for Women: Women's Unit briefing , Department of Social Security, 1998.
20. Cabinet Office Modernising Government White Paper, Stationery Office, 1999. See www.cabinet-office.gov.uk/moderngov /
21. Sir William Macphersson Macpherson Report, Home Office, 1999.
See www.homeoffice.gov.uk/ppd/oppu/slawr.htm
22. An example of this new usage can be seen in the City of Edinburgh equality strategy, Edinburgh 2000: Mainstreaming and the Development of an Anti-Discriminatory organisational Culture, October 1999. Further discussion of the significance of the Macpherson findings for mainstreaming can be found in Section 3.
23. Council of Europe, Final Report Of The Group of Specialists on Gender Mainstreaming, 1998.
24. European Commission, Communication on mainstreaming: "Incorporating Equal Opportunities for Women and Men into all community policies and activities", COM(96) 67 final, Brussels.
25. EOC Mainstreaming Gender Equality in Local Government: A Framework, Manchester, 1997.
26. Chris Booth, 'Gender Mainstreaming in the European Union: Toward a new conception and practice of Equal Opportunities' paper presented at the 1st meeting of the ESRC Seminar Series, The Interface between Public Policy and Gender Equality, CRESR, Sheffield Hallam University, March 1999; Teresa Rees, 'Managing Diversity and Mainstreaming Equality' paper presented at the 2nd meeting of the ESRC Seminar Series, The Interface between Public Policy and Gender Equality, CRESR, Sheffield Hallam University, June 1999.
27. S. Yeandle, C. Booth and C. Bennett Criteria for the Success of a Mainstreaming Approach to Gender Equality, Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research, Sheffield Hallam University, unpublished report, 1999, p. 12.
28. S. Yeandle, C. Booth and C. Bennett Criteria for the Success of a Mainstreaming Approach to Gender Equality, 1999, p. 20. DGV at the European Commission intends to publish the research at a future date.
29. Rees, Mainstreaming Equality in the European Union, 1998.
30. Yeandle et al. Criteria for the Success of a Mainstreaming Approach to Gender Equality, Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research, Sheffield Hallam University, unpublished report, 1999.
31. D. Rhode, 'The Politics of Paradigms: Gender Difference and Gender Disadvantage', in G. Bock & S. James (eds.), Beyond Equality and Difference, London, Routledge., 1992, p.151.
32. Rees, Mainstreaming Equality in the European Union, 1998, p.189.
33. Yeandle et al. Criteria for the Success of a Mainstreaming Approach to Gender Equality, Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research, Sheffield Hallam University, unpublished report, 1999, p.7.
34. Yeandle et al. Criteria for the Success of a Mainstreaming Approach to Gender Equality, 1999, p.12.
35. A brief overview is provided in USGS Mainstreaming Equal Opportunities,1998.
36. Council of Europe, Final Report, 1998; Rees, Mainstreaming Equality in the European Union, 1998; USGS, Mainstrreaming Equal Opportunities, 1998; Yeandle et al., Criteria for the Success of a Mainstreaming Approach to Gender Equality, 1999.
37. Council of Europe, Final Report, 1998, p.9.
38. EOC Mainstreaming Gender Equality in Local Government: A Framework, 1997, p. 5.
39. European Commission EQOP 02-97rev DGV/D/5 January 1997, Section 1, cited by Yeandle et al. Criteria for the Success of a Mainstreaming Approach to Gender Equality, 1999, p. 13.
40. USGS, Mainstreaming Equal Opportunities, 1998.
41. Rees, Mainstreaming Equality in the European Union, 1998; Rees, 'Managing Diversity and Mainstreaming Equality', 1999, p.14.
42. Verloo, 'On the conceptual and theoretical roots of gender mainstreaming', 1999, p.10.
43. Julia Sudbury, 'Other Kinds of Dreams': Black Women's Organisations and the Politics of Transformation, Routledge, 1998, p. 211.
44. Teresa Rees, Mainstreaming in the European Union,1998; Teresa Rees, 'Managing Diversity and Mainstreaming Equality' paper presented at the 2nd meeting of the ESRC Seminar Series, The Interface between Public Policy and Gender Equality, CRESR, Sheffield Hallam University, June 1999.
45. For further information contact the Commonwealth Secretariat, Marlborough House, Pall Mall, London SW1Y 5HX, United Kingdom. See also http://www.thecommonwealth.org/gender
46. The guide is available on the BC website at http://www.weq.gov.bc.ca
47. See http://www.hrdc-drhc.ca/stratpol/women/home.shtml
48. This guide can be found at the Office of the Status of Women website, http://www.swc-cfc.gc.ca
49. M. Verloo in M..de Viell (ed) Mainstreaming Sex Equality in the Public Sector: Report of a Joint Equal Opportunities Commission and European Commission Conference, held in London 22 June, 1998; M. Verloo, 'Making Women Count in the Netherlands' in F. Beveridge, S. Nott and K. Stephen (eds) Making Women Count, Ashgate, forthcoming.
50. SMART is a policy screening tool which is described in Council of Europe, Final Report, 1998, p.62. M. Verloo, 'Making Women Count in the Netherlands', forthcoming.
51. M. Verloo in M..de Viell (ed) Mainstreaming Sex Equality in the Public Sector: Report of a Joint Equal Opportunities Commission and European Commission Conference,1998, p. 30.
52. H. van de Graaf, M. Mossink and K. Gröflin, Van de EER geleerd, Den Haag,Vuga, 1998 cited by Verloo, 'Making Women Count in the Netherlands', forthcoming.
53. Council of Europe, Final Report, 1998, p.38.
54. Verloo, 'Making Women Count in the Netherlands,' forthcoming.
55. Verloo, 'Making Women Count in the Netherlands', forthcoming, pp. 40-41; A. Woodward and P. Meier, Gender Impact Assessment: Tool in Mainstreaming or Tool to begin Mainstreaming? A Comparison of Dutch and Flemish Approaches paper presented at the ECPR Joint Session, Bern, 1997.
56. Council of Europe, Final Report, 1998, pp.49-50.
57. Verloo, 'Making Women Count in the Netherlands,' forthcoming.
58. The Dutch EER creator, Mieke Verloo, makes it clear that mainstreaming cannot be reduced to the use of a technical instrument but that such instruments play an important role within wider strategies. Verloo, Making Women Count in the Netherlands,' forthcoming, pp.42-43.
59. C. Levy, 'The web of institutionalisation' in Council of Europe, Gender Mainstreaming: a step into the 21st Century, report of conference held in Athens, 16-18 September, 1999, Strasbourg, Council of Europe (EG/ATH(99)3).
60. Levy, 'The web of institutionalisation,' 1999 (page unnumbered).
61. Swedish Association of Local Authorities (SALA) 'Report to the Council of Europe Expert Group on Mainstreaming', cited in Council of Europe, Final Report, 1998. p. 48. Additional information from Liegestilling Norden Mainstreaming Newsletter No. 3/4, 1999; and M. Silvell, 'Nordic Mainstreaming Project ' in Council of Europe, Gender Mainstreaming: a step into the 21st century, (EG/ATH(99)3), 1999. M. Gillberg, 'Making Women Count in Sweden' in F. Beveridge, S. Nott and K. Stephen (eds) Making Women Count, Ashgate, forthcoming.
62. The organisation has indicated that the Gender Audit 2000 is the final report it is to produce and has called upon the new Scottish Executive and Scottish Parliament to take on responsibility for this awareness-raising work. See Engender, Gender Audit 2000, Edinburgh. The EOC (Great Britain) also produce short annual summary fact cards.
63. Dr Agneta Stark in M..de Viell (ed)Mainstreaming Sex Equality in the Public Sector: Report of a Joint Equal Opportunities Commission and European Commission Conference, held in London 22 June, 1998; see also Agneta Stark in A. Oakley and J. Mitchell (eds) Who's Afraid of Feminism: Seeing Through The Backlash Hamish Hamilton, 1997.
64. Dr Agneta Stark in M. de Viell (ed)Mainstreaming Sex Equality in the Public Sector: Report of a Joint Equal Opportunities Commission and European Commission Conference, held in London 22 June, 1998, p. 26.
65. T. Beck, Using Gender Sensitive Indicators, Office of Commonwealth Secretariat,1999, p.7.
66. See in particular, Beck, Using Gender Sensitive Indicators, 1999; Health Canada, Human Resources Development Canada, Statistics Canada, Status of Women Canada, Gender Equality Indicators: Public Concerns and Public Policies. Proceedings of a Symposium held at Statistics Canada, March 26 and 27, 1998, Status of Women Canada, questionnaire response, 1999.
67. Helen Lundkvist in M. de Viell (ed) Mainstreaming Sex Equality in the Public Sector: Report of a Joint Equal Opportunities Commission and European Commission Conference, held in London 22 June, 1998, p.34.
68. Status of Women Canada, questionnaire response,1999, p.110.
69. United Nations Human Development Report 1996 in Gender-Analysis Backgrounder, Women's Bureau, Canada, 1997.
70. United Nations Human Development Report 1995 in Gender-Analysis Backgrounder, Women's Bureau, Canada, 1997.
71. Women's Unit, Minister for Women: Women's Unit briefing, Department of Social Security, 1998.
72. Home Office, DfEE, Minister for Women, Policy Appraisal for Equal Treatment, 1999. See full text on http://www.womens-unit.gov.uk/99/equal.htm
73. For a critique of PAET see F. Beveridge, S. Nott and K. Stephen, Predicting the Impact of Policy: Country Report, United Kingdom, Feminist Legal Research Unit, University of Liverpool, 1999, p.165.
74. Scotland Act 1998, Sch.5, Section L.2.
75. Consultative Steering Group on The Scottish Parliament Shaping Scotland's Parliament, Edinburgh, Stationery Office, 1998; A.Brown 'Politics' in Engender Gender Audit 2000, Edinburgh, Engender/University of Edinburgh Governance of Scotland Forum, 2000.
76. MSPs endorsed the report prepared by the Consultative Steering Group (CSG) which outlined this power sharing model and recommended standing orders and procedures with embodied these principles. Consultative Steering Group on the Scottish Parliament, Shaping Scotland's Parliament, 1998.
77. EOC/CRE Mainstreaming Equalities: A Checklist for MSPs, 1999.
78. The Equality Unit, Towards An Equality Strategy: a consultation paper, Edinburgh, Scottish Executive, 2000.
79. Reid-Howie Associates Women and Transport: Moving Forward - A Review Of Current Understanding And The Development Of Priorities For Further Research, The Scottish Executive Central Research Unit, 1999a; Reid-Howie Associates Women and Transport: Moving Forward - A Consultation, 1999b; See summary account in Engender Gender Audit 2000, Edinburgh, Engender/University of Edinburgh Governance of Scotland Forum, 2000.
80. A.Brown 'Politics' in Engender Gender Audit 2000, Edinburgh, Engender/University of Edinburgh Governance of Scotland Forum, 2000, p.26.
81. Rees reports that the Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) , the Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) and Disability Wales jointly lobbied in Wales for the issue of equal opportunities to be written into the Government of Wales Bill. Rees, 1999, p.9.
82. Information from telephone briefing with Assembly for Wales Equality Policy Unit, November 1999.
83. Rees, 'Managing Diversity and Mainstreaming Equality'1999, p.11.
84. Bronagh Hinds, 'Women working for peace in Northern Ireland' in Y. Galligan, E. Ward and R. Wilford (eds) Contesting Politics:Women in Ireland, North and South, Boulder Colarado, Westview Press, 1998.
85. Christopher McCrudden, 'Their Role in Peace Making: The Equality of Opportunity Duty in the Northern Ireland Act 1998: An Analysis.' briefing; Christopher McCrudden, 'Mainstreaming Equality in the Governance of Northern Ireland', Fordham International Law Journal, 22, 1999.
86. McCrudden, 'Their Role in Peace Making: The Equality of Opportunity Duty in the Northern Ireland Act 1998: An Analysis.,'1998, p.13.
87. McCrudden, 'Their Role in Peace Making: The Equality of Opportunity Duty in the Northern Ireland Act 1998: An Analysis,'1999, p.14.
88. A. Coyle Women and Organisational Change, Manchester, EOC, 1995.
89. E. Breitenbach Quality Through Equality, Glasgow, EOC, Scotland, 1995.
90. E.Breitenbach, A.Brown, F. Mackay and J. Webb, Equal Opportunities in Local Government in Scotland and Wales, Edinburgh, Unit for the Study of Government in Scotland, 1999.
91. E.Breitenbach, A.Brown, F. Mackay and J. Webb, Equal Opportunities in Local Government in Scotland and Wales,1999.
92. Fife Council, Service Equality Audit Report, June, 1997.
93. London Borough of Haringey, Race Equality Review, 1999.
94. London Borough of Haringey, Race Relations Review, 1996, p.16.
95. London Borough of Haringey, Race Equality Review, 1999, para 4.24.
96. Macpherson Report, 1999, (46.30). www.homeoffice.gov.uk/ppd/oppu/slawr.htm
97. London Borough of Haringey, Race Equality Review, 1999, p.9.
98. Eve Featherstone, 'From the Margins to the Mainstream: An assessment of planned strategic change processes to support the integration of equalities in Haringey Council', unpublished MSc dissertation, South Bank University, London, 1995.
99. Briefing with Munira Thobani, Head of Community Team, formerly Head of the Equality Unit, of London Borough of Hounslow (25.10.99).
100. Briefing, London Borough of Hounslow (25.10.99).
101. Briefing, London Borough of Hounslow (25.10.99).
102. Based upon briefing with Sarah Hutchison, Team Leader (Service Development) Corporate Policy, and Neelam Bakshi, Human Resources Management, Fife House. (29.10.99).
103. Briefing, Fife Council, (29.10.99).
104. Briefing, Fife Council, (29.10.99) This was not the first time such an exercise had been attempted, and drew on the experiences of public consultation on the Council Budget in previous years.
105. City of Edinburgh Council, Edinburgh 2000: Mainstreaming and the Development of an Anti-discriminatory Organisational Culture, paper presented to the Policy and Resources Committee, October 1999.
106. Telephone briefing with Sue Brace, Assistant Director of Social Work at City of Edinburgh Council (8.10.99); additional information from City of Edinburgh Council questionnaire response.
107. From City of Edinburgh Council, Review of Older People's Services information leaflet, undated.
108. City of Edinburgh Council questionnaire response, 1999.
109. E.Breitenbach, A. Brown, F.Mackay and J. Webb Gender and Transitions in the Local State: End of Award Report, Economic and Social Research Council, 1998.
110. CEDAW is an international treaty that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1979. Although more than 165 countries have ratified CEDAW, the United States still has not done so; consequently, it is not subject to CEDAW's obligations. At least nine states, eleven counties, and twenty cities have passed resolutions urging US ratification of CEDAW, but San Francisco is the first and , currently, the only city in the United States to begin to implement CEDAW in its own laws. Organisers from Seattle, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Boston are presently working toward similar initiatives. The passage of the ordinance resulted from a public/private partnership between the San Francisco Commission on the Status of Women (COSW) and a consortium of community organizations spearheaded by the Women's Institute for Leadership Development for Human Rights (WILD). The Ordinance has received international recognition. It was included in the United Nations Development Fund for Women's collection of best practices worldwide for implementing CEDAW. (San Francisco Commission on the Status of Women questionnaire response, 1999).
111. The definition of discrimination includes gender-based violence that is directed against a woman because she is a woman or that affects women disproportionately.
112. See http://www.ci.sf.ca.us/cosw/cedaw /
113. COSW, CEDAW Executive Summary, 1999, p.2.
114. COSW, CEDAW Executive Summary,1999, p.3.
115. COSW, CEDAW Executive Summary, 1999, p.4.
116. New South Wales DFW questionnaire response, 1999.
117. See www.dpmc.gov.au/osw/content/new/countrystatement1999.html . Additional information from OSW questionnaire response.
118. See www.women.nsw.gov.au . Additional information from New South Wales DFW questionnaire response and related unpublished briefing materials.
119. New South Wales DFW questionnaire response, 1999.
120. Ministry of Women's Affairs (1996) The Full Picture: Guidelines for Gender Analysis, Wellington, New Zealand Government. Additional information from MWA email response, 1999.
121. New Zealand MWA questionnaire response, 1999.
122. Council of Europe, Final Report,1998; Council of Europe, Gender Mainstreaming: a step into the 21st Century,1999 (EG/ATH(99)3); M.de Viell (ed) Mainstreaming Sex Equality in the Public Sector: Report of a Joint Equal Opportunities Commission and European Commission Conference, 1998; S. Yeandle, C. Booth and C. Bennett Criteria for Success of a 'mainstreaming' approach to gender equality, 1999. Predicting the Impact of Policy: Country Reports, Feminist Legal Research Unit, University of Liverpool, 1999. Details of our questionnaire can be found in Appendix 1.
123. Laurence d'Ouville Mainstreaming and Equality Policy paper presented at the CERES Transnational Encounter, Chinchon, May 22 and 23, 1998; Laurence d'Ouville, 'Trans-faire', 1999.
124. Laurence d'Ouville Mainstreaming and Equality Policy, 1998; Laurence d'Oville, 'Trans-faire',1999.
125. Instituto de la Mujer, 1997 p.11, cited by F. Arranz, B. Quntanilla and C. Velálzquez in 'Making Women Count in Spain' in F. Beveridge, S. Nott and K. Stephen (eds) Making Women Count, Ashgate, forthcoming, p. 107.
126. F. Arranz, B. Quntanilla and C. Velálzquez, Predicting the Impact of Policy: Country Report, Spain, Feminist Legal Research Unit, University of Liverpool, 1999.
127. P. Durán y Lalaguna, 'Action Plan Against Domestic Violence' in Council of Europe, Gender Mainstreaming: a step into the 21st Century, report of conference held in Athens, 16-18 September, 1999 (EG/ATH(99)3).
128. C. Bennett, C.Booth and S. Yeandle Criteria for Success in Gender Mainstreaming: A Case Study report of the Fundacio Maria Aurelia Capmany, Barcelona, Spain, Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research, Sheffield Hallam University,unpublished report, 1999.
129. This account is drawn from M.Donnelly, S. Mullally and O. Smith, 'Making Women Count in Ireland', in F. Beveridge, S. Nott and K. Stephen (eds) Making Women Count, Ashgate, forthcoming; and S.Mullally, Gender Proofing and the European Structural Funds:Outline Guidelines, report commissioned by the Department of Justice, Equality and Law reform, July 1999.
130. NESF, Equality Proofing Issues, Dublin, Government Stationery Office, p. 28 cited by Donnelly et al., 1999, p. 22.
131. S. Mullally and O. Smith, Guidelines for Equality Proofing, Dublin, Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform, 1999.
132. Donnelly et al, 'Making Women Count in Ireland', 1999, p. 25.
133. Donnelly et al, 'Making Women Count in Ireland', 1999, pp. 18-19.
134. Donnelly et al, 'Making Women Count in Ireland', 1999, p. 24.
135. Roberta Messina, 'Mainstreaming Recipes' in Council of Europe, Gender Mainstreaming: a step into the 21st Century, report of conference held in Athens, 16-18 September, 1999 (EG/ATH(99)3).
136. Roberta Messina, 'Mainstreaming Recipes', 1999.
137. M.Verloo, 'Gender in 'Balance'in Council of Europe, Gender Mainstreaming: a step into the 21st Century, report of conference held in Athens, 16-18 September, 1999 (EG/ATH(99)3).
138. T. Rees, Mainstreaming in the European Union, 1998.
139. Vera Kozmik, 'Gender mainstreaming in Slovenian government policy development',in Council of Europe, Gender Mainstreaming: a step into the 21st Century, report of conference held in Athens, 16-18 September, 1999 (EG/ATH(99)3). This example also draws on questionnaire response by Tanja Salecl, Slovenian Government Women's Policy Office.
140. C. Bennett, C. Booth and S. Yeandle, Criteria for Success of a 'mainstreaming' approach to gender equality, 1999.
141. C. Bennett, C. Booth and S. Yeandle, Criteria for Success in Gender Mainstreaming: A Case Study report of the 'Frauenwerkstadt' Model Project, Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research, Sheffield Hallam University, unpublished report, 1999.
142. Nordic countries involved in co-operation include: Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland and Iceland, and the autonomous territories of the Faeroe Islands, Greenland and the Åland Islands.
143. This group contains representatives from the participating countries and the Project Manager.
144. Liegestilling Norden Mainstreaming Newsletter No. 3/4, 1999.
145. For details see Section 2 of this report.
146. See for example, Unit for the Study of Government in Scotland, Mainstreaming Equal Opportunities , 1998.
147. Minna Gillberg, 'Making Women Count in Sweden' in F. Beveridge, S. Nott and K. Stephen (eds.) Making Women Count, Ashgate, forthcoming.
148. Minna Gillberg, 'Making Women Count in Sweden', forthcoming.
149. Women are 42.7% of Swedish parliamentarians (1998 elections). Women are also represent around 40% of members of public bodies, boards and commissions. The proportion of women increased from around 16% to 40% in ten years, partly as a result of the "Every Other Seat For A Woman" campaign, initiated by the government to 'persuade' social partners such as employers' organisations, trade unions and other interest groups to improve the levels of women they nominated to serve on such bodies. See USGS Citizen Participation and Social Partnerships, Edinburgh, Scottish Office Constitution Group,1998, pp.59-60.
150. Minna Gillberg 'Making Women Count in Sweden', forthcoming, pp.91-92.
151. For an example of a Statistics Sweden publication which discusses the role of gender statistics in mainstreaming see, B. Hedman, F.Perucci and P. Sundström Engendering Statistics: a tool for change Stockholm: Statistics Sweden, 1996.
152. The '3Rs method' is discussed in more detail in Section 2.
153. Agneta Stark in M. de Viell (ed) Mainstreaming Sex Equality in the Public Sector: Report of a Joint Equal Opportunities Commission and European Commission Conference, held in London 22 June, 1998, pp. 24-27.
154. Agneta Stark in M. de Viell (ed) Mainstreaming Sex Equality in the Public Sector: Report of a Joint Equal Opportunities Commission and European Commission Conference, 1998, p.26.
155. Examples from the Liegestilling Norden Mainstreaming Newsletter No. 3/4, 1999
156. Liegestilling Norden Mainstreaming Newsletter No. 3/4, 1999.
157. Jorun Herto 'Mainstreaming in All Policy Fields', 1999. Updated with information from Norwegian Ministry for Children and Family Affairs, questionnaire response, 1999.
158. Ministry of Children and Family Affairs, Mainstreaming Gender Equality in Norway: Introducing the Gender Perspective into Norwegian Public Administration, 1995; Jorun Herto 'Mainstreaming in All Policy Fields' in Council of Europe, Gender Mainstreaming: a step into the 21st Century, report of conference held in Athens, 16-18 September, 1999 (EG/ATH(99)3). Additional information from Anne Havnor, Ministry of Children and Family Affairs email questionnaire response, 1999.
159. Ministry of Children and Family Affairs, Mainstreaming Gender Equality in Norway: Introducing the Gender Perspective into Norwegian Public Administration, Norway 1995, pp. 1-2.
160. Norwegian Ministry of Children and Family Affairs email questionnaire response, 1999.
161. Norwegian Ministry of Children and Family Affairs email questionnaire response, 1999.
162. W. Bjorkly and I. Hernes, "It is Fun to be Nice" in Council of Europe, Gender Mainstreaming: a step into the 21st Century, report of conference held in Athens, 16-18 September, 1999 (EG/ATH(99)3).
163. C. Bennett, C.Booth, L. Horelli & S. Yeandle Criteria for the Success of a Mainstreaming Approach to Gender Equality: A Case Study Report of the Ministry of Labour, Helsinki, Finland, Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research, Sheffield Hallam University, unpublished report, 1999.
164. Liisa Horelli 'Mainstreaming Labour and Youth Policy in the Finnish Context' paper presented at Women's Worlds 99:International Interdisciplinary Congress on Women, Tromso, Norway, June 20-26, 1999, p. 2.
165. S. Yeandle, C. Booth and C. Bennett Criteria for the Success of a Mainstreaming Approach to Gender Equality, 1999.
166. The following account draws upon Bennett et al. Criteria for the Success of a Mainstreaming Approach to Gender Equality: A Case Study Report of the Ministry of Labour, Helsinki, Finland, 1999; Horelli 'Mainstreaming Labour and Youth Policy in the Finnish Context', 1999; and Liegestilling Norden Mainstreaming Newsletter, No. 3/4, 1999.
167. Bennett et al., Criteria for the Success of a Mainstreaming Approach to Gender Equality: A Case Study Report of the Ministry of Labour, Helsinki, Finland, 1999.
168. For a more detailed discussion of this tool see Section 2 of this report.
169. Bennet et al., Criteria for the Success of a Mainstreaming Approach to Gender Equality: A Case Study Report of the Ministry of Labour, Helsinki, Finland,1999, p. 10.
170. Horelli, 'Mainstreaming Labour and Youth Policy in the Finnish Context', 1999, p.9.
171. Iceland Office for Gender Equality questionnaire response, 1999.
172. Liisa Horelli 'Mainstreaming in local and regional development' in Council of Europe, Gender Mainstreaming: a step into the 21st Century, report of conference held in Athens, 16-18 September, 1999 (EG/ATH(99)3).
173. Agneta Stark in M..de Viell (ed) Mainstreaming Sex Equality in the Public Sector: Report of a Joint Equal Opportunities Commission and European Commission Conference, 1998, p.26.
174. Norwegian Ministry of Children and Family Affairs email questionnaire response, 1999.
175. Agneta Stark in M..de Viell (ed) Mainstreaming Sex Equality in the Public Sector: Report of a Joint Equal Opportunities Commission and European Commission Conference, 1998, p.26.
176. Liisa Horelli 'Mainstreaming in local and regional development',1999.
177. Norwegian Ministry of Children and Family Affairs email questionnaire response, 1999.
178. Judicial decisions and policy debates under the Charter have contributed to a recognition that treating women and men identically will not ensure equal outcomes, and to an increasing acceptance of the concept of substantive equality (equality as equality of results or outcomes). The equality provisions of the Charter provide the basis for challenging laws that result in unequal outcomes for women. Such arguments have been made in relation to employment opportunities and pay, spousal support, sexual assault, sexual harassment, sexual orientation, pregnancy, pensions and violence against women. The ability of Canadian women to challenge legislation through the court system is assisted by the Court Challenges Program, which provides financial assistance for test cases of national significance put forward on behalf of or by groups or individuals that will clarify language and equality rights under the Canadian constitution. Status of Women Canada (SWC) questionnaire response, 1999, p.16.
179. Status of Women Canada questionnaire response, 1999, p.9.
180. Status of Women Canada questionnaire response, 1999, p.11.
181. Status of Women Canada questionnaire response, 1999, p.13.
182. Status of Women Canada questionnaire response, 1999, p.12.
183. Status of Women Canada questionnaire response, 1999, p.15.
184. Ministry of Women's Equality (BC) questionnaire response, 1999, p. 4.
185. Updated from USGS, 1998. For further information see http://www.gov.bc.ca and http://www.weq.gov.bc.ca /
186. Ministry of Women's Equality (BC) questionnaire response, 1999, p.7.
187. Luc Meunier 'Taxation of Private Individuals' in Council of Europe, Gender Mainstreaming: a step into the 21st Century report of conference held in Athens, 16-18 September, 1999 (EG/ATH(99)3).
188. Mireille Fillion 'Guidelines for Elderly People' in Council of Europe, Gender Mainstreaming: a step into the 21st Century, report of conference held in Athens, 16-18 September, 1999 (EG/ATH(99)3).
189. Ministry of Women's Equality (BC) questionnaire response, 1999, p.6.
190. "This has resulted in increasing concern among women about the need for a policy knowledge base that better reflects women's situations and interests, and greater comparability and accountability for gender equality across the country." Status of Women Canada questionnaire response, 1999, p.12.
191. Pauline Rankin, Canadian Experiments with State Feminism, paper presented to the Women's Studies Network (UK) Association Annual Conference, University of London, July, 1997. Additional information from Status of Women questionnaire response, 1999.
192. Unit for the Study of Government in Scotland, Mainstreaming Equal Opportunities, 1998.
193. CCEO, CCEO Bulletin No. 1, December 1997.
194. Reported in CCEO Bulletin No. 1, December 1997, p.3.
195. USGS, Mainstreaming Equal Opportunities, 1998, pp.31-38
196. Helen Lundkvist in M..de Viell (ed) Mainstreaming Sex Equality in the Public Sector: Report of a Joint Equal Opportunities Commission and European Commission Conference, held in London 22 June, 1998, p.34.
« Previous | Contents |