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Sexual Orientation Research Phase 1: A Review of Methodological Approaches
Footnotes
1 McLean, C & O'Connor, W
Sexual Orientation Research Phase Two: The Future of LGBT Research - Perspectives of Community Organisations. Scottish Executive, Edinburgh, 2003.
2
Equality Strategy: Working Together for Equality, Scottish Executive 2000
3
Equality Strategy, p.17
4
Equality in Scotland: Guide to data sources, Scottish Executive 2000
5 Barry U
Data Issues - background paper, Equality Authority (Ireland) 2000
6 McLean, C & O'Connor, W
Sexual Orientation Research Phase Two: The Future of LGBT Research -Perspectives of Community Organisations. Scottish Executive, Edinburgh, 2003.
7 There are now newer "lesbian and gay affirmative perspectives in psychology."(Gonsiorek and Weinrich, 1991)
8 Full summaries of the studies cited in this review are available in a database that can be downloaded from the Internet.
9 For example, there is so little work available on transsexualism, and transgender issues more widely, that some of the studies cited here on this topic were originally published in the 1960s.
10 "The term 'affectional interests' is used instead of 'sexual orientation' or 'sexual preference' because its semantic structure allows for diverse and changeable object attachments and a variety of cognitive, emotional, and behavioural erotic responses. The term allows for developmental plasticity over the lifespan , which reifying ('homosexuality') and deterministic ('orientation') language do not."(D'Augelli and Hart, 1997)
11 "While there is no straightforward relationship between sexual identity and sexual behaviour, the vast majority of exclusively homosexually active men are probably gay (or bisexual), and the majority of behaviourally bisexual men are certainly not gay, and may not identify as bisexual. Indeed there is now substantial evidence that many men who regularly have sex with men, do so without ever adopting a gay or even a bisexual identity."(Weatherburn, 1999)
12 Henderson
et al. describe the methodological limitations of comparing data from two survey samples of lesbian women, where one defined eligibility as having had a same sex partner in the last year and the other used a definition of in the last five years.(Henderson
et al., 2002)
13 "Homosexism is used instead of homophobia. Homophobia is commonly used to refer to fear of gay people and its cognitive, affective, and behavioural correlates and consequences, although it literally means 'fear of what is similar'. Homosexism, a broader construct, is antigay prejudice involving the false attribution of differences to gay people, whether these are positive or negative 'deviations.' Increased knowledge about gay lives can decrease homophobia, but homosexism is more intractable, since it is a vestige of long-standing historical ideological factors."(D'Augelli and Hart, 1997) Also see Morrison and Mackay, 2000.
14 Living in private dwellings randomly selected from the Postoffice's Address File (PAF).
15 Surveys of private households tend to exclude those living in institutional settings such as prison or the army, in insecure housing, or who are homeless.
16 Unpublished data.
17 In O'Connor and Molloy's qualitative research with homeless lesbian and gay youth "it had been hoped that friendship or social networks of the young people from the initial interviews could be utilised to 'snowball' a part of the sample. This proved impossible, either because the lives of those currently homeless were too chaotic to accommodate the task or because those who were now settled did not know of any other lesbians and gay men who were, or had been, homeless."(2001)
18 e.g. Ndofor-Tah: "All interviewers were briefed to defer any questions arising during the interview until the end."(2000)
19 The 1991 Census User's Guide can be downloaded from the Question Bank website (http://qb.soc.surrey.ac.uk/). Details of the Census specific to Scotland can be obtained from
http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/.
20 This reasoning was based on the experience of an experimental Census test carried out in 1989, the detailed results of which have not yet been published.
21 Statistics Canada:
http://www.statcan.ca/english/census2001/consrep.pdf
22 ID research:
http://idresearch.co.uk
23 See:
http://www.statsbase.gov.uk/statbase/mainmenu.asp
24
http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/partnerships/index.htm
25 Several of these are described more fully in
Data sources for social research in Scotland: results from a scoping study on longitudinal research. (2001) Kerstin Hinds, Kerry Sproston and Rebecca Taylor, National Centre for Social Research.
26 The Question Bank website can be accessed at:
http://qb.soc.surrey.ac.uk/.
27 The report for the Metropolitan Police Study has not yet been published. Discussion with one of the researchers indicates that low prevalences of homosexuality or bisexuality were reported.
28 See for example Minton 1992; Abelove
et al., 1993; Duberman, 1997; Doll, 1997; Sandfort
et al., 2000.
29 The scale includes questions on the proportion of friends that are gay and the proportion of free time spent with other gay men.
30 For example, some analyses have been carried out on the demographic profiles of clients referred for perpetrator treatment.(see Renzelti and Miley, 1996)
31 "Being equal as partners extends beyond being able to register and formalise relationships; it extends into areas of public law, intestacy, taxation, inheritance rights and family law." Stonewall,
http://www.stonewall.org.uk/template.asp?Level1=5&UserType=1
32
http://www.outright-scotland.org.uk/campaigns/consults/housing.htm
33 McLean, C & O'Connor, W (2003)
Sexual Orientation Research Phase 2:The Future of LGBT Research - Perspectives of Community Organisations. Scottish Executive, Edinburgh
34 Pilkington and D'Augelli do discuss this in the context of their US study, stating that because "many parents of lesbian, gay and bisexual youth are unaware of their child's sexual orientation, and because disclosure of sexual orientation and participation in this research might produce risk, the project received a waiver of parental consent requirements. An adult with professional counselling experience who would supervise compliance with informed consent procedures was located in each participating centre. This person would assure that all replies were confidential and that youth were in no way coerced into participation."(1995)
35 Berger, RM (1982)
Gay and Gray: The older homosexual man. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
36 The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing is currently being carried out with a large general population sample of people over 40. The researchers on this project tell me that while sexual orientation is not asked, partners of respondents are also interviewed and this would include a partner of the same sex.
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